Testing in Hong Kong - 844 Words

Introduction There are many different kinds of test, as Hugh (1989) stated that test could be regarded as proficiency tests, achievement tests, diagnostic tests and placement tests. In this article, we would like to have some simple analysis on the quality of the reading test in the Hong Kong Diploma of Secondary Education (HKDSE) Examination of 2013. This is a newly implemented public examination in 2002 which serve with different purpose and format as the former public examination: Hong Kong Certificate of Education Examination (HKCEE) and the Hong Kong Advanced Level Examination (HKALE). â€Å"Achievement tests are directly related to language course, their purpose being to establish how successful individual students, groups of students, or the course themselves have been in achieving objectives.† (Hugh, 1989) according to this definition, HKDSE should be an achievement test. Since it is a stepping stone to get into university in Hong Kong, the DSE examination paper should have relatively high quality. By using a high standard testing paper, the quality of the universities’ candidates can be guarantee. Bachman (1996) has said that test qualities include reliability, construct validity, authenticity, interactiveness, impact and practicality. In this paper we will focus on the construct validity, authenticity and interactiveness to see how well is the KHDSE. Section 1 – Reading paper Part A Background Reading paper Part A is a compulsory section, candidates need to attemptShow MoreRelatedAnalysis on New Drug Policies in Hong Kong1555 Words   |  6 PagesAnalysis on New Drug Policies: The drug policy in Hong Kong is a complete ban on drugs. While some statistics have shown lesser drug use in recent years, its probably due to more hidden use. (CSD FA1. 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Essay Exam PH103 - 2122 Words

1. Which of the following standards of thinking relates to how one might verify the truth of a statement or claim? (Points :1) Clarity Relevance Depth Accuracy Breadth Question 2. 2. Although Marquis had been working on research for a year, he listened to the other people at his company as they presented different conclusions after his presentation and examined their ideas in the hope of finding out new information. Marquis displayed which intellectual virtue? (Points : 1) Faith Courage Empathy Fair-mindedness Perseverance Question 3. 3. A stubborn view that is inflexible and not inquisitive is:†¦show more content†¦13. If we go to the movies, we will need to drive the minivan. (Points : 1) Proposition Non-proposition Question 14. 14. You are taking a quiz. (Points : 1) Proposition Non-proposition Question 15. 15. Go and give your brother a kiss. (Points : 1) Proposition Non-proposition Question 16. 16. Either I am a human or I am a dog. (Points : 1) Proposition Non-proposition Question 17. 17. The unexamined life is not worth living. (Points : 1) Proposition Non-proposition Question 18. 18. Michael Jordan was a great football player. (Points : 1) Proposition Non-proposition Question 19. 19. How many feet are in a mile? (Points : 1) Proposition Non-proposition Question 20. 20. Because the mind conditions reality, it is impossible to know the thing as such. (Points : 1) Proposition Non-proposition Question 21. 21. Joe must make a lot of money teaching philosophy, since most philosophy professors are rich. True or False: There is no conclusion in these two propositions. (Points : 1) True False Question 22. 22. Which of the following quotations represents an argument? (Points : 1) James is very interesting since he rides a Harley. James has been interesting ever since he started riding a Harley. It makes a lot of sense to ride a

Case Study Of Banjah Village Environmental Sciences Essay Free Essays

string(60) " these will ask a multi- attack in roll uping informations\." Water is indispensable to adult male, animate beings and workss and without H2O, life on Earth would non be. It is the 2nd resource, which is really of import and abundant apart from air Wagner and Lanoix ( 1961:9 ) . From the really beginning of human civilisation, people have chose to settle near to H2O beginnings, along rivers, beside lakes or near natural springs. We will write a custom essay sample on Case Study Of Banjah Village Environmental Sciences Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Indeed, where people live, some H2O is usually available for imbibing, domestic usage and perchance for irrigating animate beings. ( IRC1998 ) When the member authoritiess of the United Nations proclaimed the 1980s to be the International Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation Decade ( the Water Decade ) , they were reacting to an pressing demand. An estimated 30,000 people were deceasing every twenty-four hours, many of them attributed to a deficiency of safe imbibing H2O or equal sanitation installations. The state of affairs of H2O supply in the universe particularly in rural countries is far from being satisfactory. In 1980, the World Health Organization estimated that more than 70 % of the universe ‘s rural population was without entree to a safe and equal H2O supply: some 1.150million villagers ( China ‘s statistics non included ) were imbibing H2O which was a menace to their wellness ( IRC1998: 7 ) . Besides, more than one billion people lack entree to a safe supply of imbibing H2O. Water related diseases become taking cause of decease in the universe. It takes the lives of more than 14.000 people each twen ty-four hours as it is responsible for 80 % of all illness in the universe. In developing states, adult females and immature misss spend more than 200million hours walking to the nearest H2O beginning merely to acquire adequate H2O for their households. Besides, statistics show that merely 60 % of the African population has entree to safe H2O supplies. More so, in Cameroon more than one million people presently lack entree to safe imbibing H2O and three billion deficiency entree to basic sewerage systems. Although SNEC was created in Cameroon in the sixtiess after the independency, its activities are largely been limited to the supply of drinkable H2O to urban and urban periphery, populating the rural countries at their ain clemencies and with limited finance to pay for drinkable H2O supply. Drinkable H2O scarceness being a worldwide crisis besides threatens the population of Banjah community. Banjah is one of the small towns which make up the Bamenda cardinal subdivision in the North West Region of Cameroon. It is situated about 5km North West of Bamenda town. This little Anglophone small town of about 2000 people made the scarceness of drinkable H2O their preoccupation. The Anglophone Cameroon by and large has had a strong tradition of ego reliant community development. During the colonial period, the British provided basic comfortss to their settlements for small cost. The supply of drinkable H2O for British Southern Cameroonians was under the Public Works Department ( PWD ) a authorities bureau. And H2O was fundamentally free compared to those in Gallic Cameroon. After reunion, the assets of PWD associating to H2O were transferred to a new bureau SNEC. With SNEC, the awards stated increasing. So with the cognition that H2O is supposed to be less dearly-won or even fr ee and with the spirit of community development inborn in most Anglophone countries, the Banjah people decided to come up with a autonomous H2O undertaking which was partially realized in 1992. Before the realisation of the strategy, the villagers fetched H2O from rivers springs and watercourses, which ran for long distances before making the small town. These beginnings besides crisscross farming areas, croping lands and colonies. This resulted to really high rates of taint. More so, the villagers traveled for stopping point to 3km to bring H2O and H2O borne diseases were rampant. Water jobs were doing great social jobs. Besides, the absence of drinkable H2O retarded other development undertakings. With the partially realisation of the H2O supply strategy, the above jobs have non been wholly eradicated, alternatively, new 1s have been created. The H2O strategy faces the job of irregular supplies. There is misdirection of financess. The spread nature of colonies and the rugged terrain are besides major jobs. Lack of local trained forces for the operation and care of the strategy increases the jobs. Finally, the deficiency of adult females engagement in the direction of the strategy besides causes a great job since they are the greatest donees. All these jobs leave the villagers no option but to be given to their old available H2O beginnings. Therefore, conveying back if non, all the jobs faced by the community before the realisation of the undertaking. These jobs inspired the research worker to seek reply to this chief research inquiry: How effectual is the Banjah Water supply undertaking? To reply this inquiry this research has been divided into four subdivisions. The first subdivision assesses the state of affairs of drinkable H2O before the realisation of the H2O undertaking. It besides looks at H2O supply process and how the support for the H2O undertaking was carried out. The following subdivision looks at the different histrions involved in the H2O supply strategy. It besides analyses the schemes and direction used for the success of the undertaking. The following is the socio economic impacts of the H2O supply strategy to the Banjah community in peculiar and others in general. Then we look at the jobs faced in the direction of the H2O supply strategy. The last subdivision concludes by sketching future chances in relation to the present tendencies in the development of the strategy. This prospects if carried out will convey the undertaking to a successful terminal. 0.7 METHODOLOGY The Banjah Water supply undertaking covers a comparatively little country but with a hard terrain. It has diverse activities every bit good as people with every bit diverse positions. Like other rural countries in Cameroon, it is ill served with communicating installations. All of these will ask a multi- attack in roll uping informations. You read "Case Study Of Banjah Village Environmental Sciences Essay" in category "Essay examples" The methodological analysis therefore will be divided into two parts ; informations aggregation and information analysis. 0.7.1. Data and Information Collection The information for the survey will be collected from primary and secondary beginnings. 0.7.1.1. Acquisition of Secondary informations Much has been written on community H2O supply strategy, direction and impacts. In this visible radiation, informations will be collected from both published and unpublished secondary beginnings. They will include paperss and relevant web sites on the Internet. These paperss will include text editions, thesiss thesis, diaries, periodicals and magazines. These paperss and statistics will be gotten from libraries, NGOs and Rural and Urban Councils 0.7.1.3. Acquisition of Primary Data This will affect fieldwork. Fieldwork constitutes a major beginning of informations in this type of research. That is field trips, interviews, direct observations and questionnaires. Field trips The first stage of the field trip will get down with a pilot study during which the matrix will be located and demarcated the layout of the terrain appreciated and some measurings concluded. The 2nd stage will affect transect work to demo the spacial distribution of the H2O web Interviews Semi structured interviews and treatments will be conducted officially with traditional heads, members of the small town traditional council, members of the H2O direction commission, caputs of adult females associations and house hold caputs. Informal interviews and treatments will be done on Lord’s daies after church services, market yearss and flushing when most of the villagers have retired place. These semi structured interviews and treatments will take to historical function. It will affect the function of the H2O related phenomena before and after the realisation of the strategy. Direct observations This is really of import in roll uping and analysing informations. It involves the drawing of maps to demo the spacial distribution of phenomenon. For illustration the spacial distribution of the H2O web, the proposed strategy etc. Photographs will besides be taken to demo the spacial arrangement of certain phenomenon utilizing the direct field observation method. The H2O jobs will hence be assessed straight. Questionnaires Last, questionnaires were administered utilizing graded random study technique to respondents for general replies. The different quarters represented the different strata. In each strata families were indiscriminately selected. The family caput became the chief source or other representatives in the instance of the absent of the family caput. For the 200 questionnaires 40 were administered to each of the five quarters. For these 200 questionnaires administered 154 were decently answered. That is 77 % . These greatly helped the research worker to analyse the H2O supply strategy and its direction in the community. This is shown on the tabular array below. Table 1: The Distribution of Sample Size Questionnaires per Quarter. Living quarterss No of Qestionnaires No of Questionnaires Administered Percentage of Respondents Mubaco 40 36 18 Wumkien 40 34 17 Ntoh 40 27 13.5 Mucob 40 31 15.5 Njimben 40 26 13 Entire 200 154 77 Beginning: Field study 2006 0.7.2DATA ANALYSES After roll uping these informations, they are traveling to be sorted classified analysed and interpreted. The information will be analyzed utilizing descriptive statistic methods. Tables, per centum and charts will be used. Chapter ONE Situation OF POTABLE WATER BEFORE THE REALISATION OF THE SCHEME, SUPPLY PROCEDURE AND FINANCE Hundreds of 1000000s of people in rural communities struggle for drinkable H2O supplies. Like most rural communities, the people of Banjah small town one time depended merely on traditional H2O beginnings for endurance. The clip to turn to the annihilating effects of increasing H2O scarceness and worsening H2O quality around the Banjah small town eventually came. This chapter hence tries to analyze the state of affairs of drinkable H2O before the strategy was realized, provide process and the support. 1.1 SITUATION OF POTABLE WATER BEFORE THE REALISATION OF THE SCHEME Field study reveals that life was similar snake pit to the villagers before the strategy. Drinking H2O was gotten from watercourses, rivers and springs, which ran, for long distances before making the small town. Apart from H2O collected from the rain the other beginnings were extremely polluted. This resulted to H2O borne diseases. Villagers took the hurting to go for stat mis to roll up this contaminated H2O. Water scarceness caused social jobs and a host of other jobs. 1.1.1 Water beginnings before the strategy The population of Banjah community had legion beginnings of H2O before the strategy. Field observation and sampling revealed the distribution beginnings as seen below. Table: 2 Collection Points before the Scheme Beginnings Number of Households Percentage ( % ) Rain H2O Streams Springs Rivers 42 40 33 8 34 32 27 7 Entire 123 100 Beginning: Field Survey 2006 The above consequences revealed that most people got H2O chiefly from rainwater ( during the rainy season ) , watercourses and springs. The per centums of the population that collected H2O from these different beginnings range from 34 % for rainwater, 32 % for watercourse to 27 % for springs. These beginnings were accompanied by many jobs. The above findings on the different H2O beginnings are similar with Faniran ( 1987 ) who highlighted that the chief beginnings of H2O before the installing of the Lagos Water Scheme were pools watercourses, springs, pools, Wellss, lakes and rivers. He went farther to explicate that these beginnings which were polluted led to the high rate of H2O borne diseases. These besides go in line with this research and below are some of the job faced by the villagers before the realisation of the strategy. 1.2 PROBLEMS OF POTABLE WATER BEFORE THE REALISATION OF THE SCHEME 1.2.1 BURDEN OF FETCHING WATER. Water bringing before the 1990s in Banjah small town was a great domestic load. Much clip and energy was spent to cover long distances to bring H2O from the different beginnings apart from rainwater. The tabular array below reveals walking distance from the H2O beginning, measure of H2O fetched per twenty-four hours and clip spent for the intent. Table: 3 Walking Distance from the Water Source, Quantity of Water Fetched Per Day and Time Spent for the Purpose. Family No Neptunium D ( m ) T ( hour ) Q ( cubic decimeter ) N T ( hour ) 1 6 850 50 75-100 2 1.40 2 8 700 35 100-125 2 1.00 3 7 700 40 100-125 2 1.20 4 10 800 20 100-125 3 40 5 4 500 25 50-75 2 50 Beginning: Field Survey 2006. NP= figure of people in the family D ( m ) = Approximate distance from family to the beginning in meters T ( hour ) = clip taken to bring H2O and return homeA : Q ( cubic decimeter ) =Quanatity of H2O fetched per twenty-four hours in liters. T ( hour ) =total clip spent per twenty-four hours in bringing H2O n=number of trips to the beginning per twenty-four hours. The tabular array shows that an norm of 700m was covered by each family to roll up an norm of 100- 125litres of H2O. Women and kids every forenoon had to acquire up at the cleft of morning walking in the really cold status on narrow and hazardous way merely to roll up adequate H2O for their families. With the hazardous way some people after transporting the H2O and about making the house normally slipped off non merely pouring the H2O but besides interrupting their hard earned containers. Besides during the dry season when most of the H2O beginnings were drying up longer clip was spent. This is because, the villagers had to go longer distances to bring H2O. Apart from these long distances, adult females and kids frequently have to wait in bend to roll up H2O. Some traditional beginnings frequently dry out for several months each twelvemonth and it could take up to an hr to make full a pail as they waited for the H2O to easy filtrate through the land to their containers. To avoid such long delaies many H2O aggregators got up every bit early as they could to acquire to the H2O beginning before the queuing started. There was besides serious contending as they queued up. This activity was really palling and clip consuming, small clip was left for other activities that could bring forth income. The villagers described this distance as being painful. The calamity was that, holding spent so much clip and attempt in making a beginning of H2O, the H2O itself was frequently soiled, contaminated and a wellness jeopardy. 1.2.2 HEALTH PROBLEMS Water related wellness jobs were rampant in the community before the supply of drinkable H2O. These jobs were straight and indirectly related to the absent of drinkable H2O. Indirectly, acquiring up early to acquire H2O was raging. Besides the early forenoon cold characterized in the country during the dry season caused catarrh, cough, dry tegument and many other related diseases. Directly, these beginnings of H2O were extremely contaminated. They were normally polluted by domestic waste disposal, farm fertilisers, treading by animate beings, the usage of H2O for stooling up watercourse, rinsing of apparels and still utilizing the H2O for imbibing downstream. Field surveies besides revealed that most frequently, the H2O had gustatory sensation, atoms settled at the underside of the container when kept overnight and some even stained garments. All these showed how polluted the H2O was. These led to a high incidence of H2O related diseases as shown on the tabular array below. Table 4: Distribution of Diseases before the Scheme. Types of diseases Number of people Percentage ( % ) Diarrhea Dysentery Cholera Rashs 47 35 20 30 36 26 15 23 Entire 132 100 Beginning: Field Survey 2006 From the tabular array above, it can be seen that there was a high incidence of diseases before the installing of the H2O. Harmonizing to the sampled population, the sum of 132 people was ill of H2O borne diseases. Diarrhea had the highest prevalence of 36 % . Apart of these H2O borne diseases, there were besides H2O washed diseases like itchs, and H2O related vectors which caused malaria and filarial all transmitted by mosquitoes. The heavy containers caused backache, retarded growing and joint strivings. The sick wellness of the labour force earnestly affected the development of the community. The general sanitation in the small town was a muss. 1.2.3 SOCIETAL PROBLEMS The absent of drinkable H2O can be detriment to the society. Before the strategy was realised there were a series of social jobs. Most hubbies bartered their married womans for non cooking and transporting H2O on clip. Most work forces did non care under which fortunes H2O was provided, all they needed was that things should be done and available on clip. School kids had to transport H2O before traveling to school. The long queuing particularly during the dry season made these kids to either travel tardily to school or non to travel at all. More so, normally there was serious contending amongst the villagers as they struggled to transport foremost. This caused hostility. Children were besides beaten for interrupting H2O containers. It was a hapless scene. Accepting the presence of a job is the beginning of the solution. After sing all these jobs something needed to be done. The villagers so took on their enterprise to supply drinkable H2O for the community. 1.3 Supply Procedure With all these H2O crises faced in the community, something had to be done to turn to the status and it had to be done fast. The people decided to build a autonomous community H2O undertaking. The whole process can mostly be seen on a diagram as below demoing the assorted stages. Operation A ; Maintenance and Management Designation Initiation Preparation For Upkeep Planing Monitoring A ; Evaluation Construction Figure: Cycle of a Typical Rural Water Supply. 1.3.1 Initiation After placing the job the following phase was the induction. Field study shows that adult females and kids are the primary groups roll uping H2O. Therefore, they are the 1s who understand the hurting of supplying clean H2O. It is for this ground that the adult females after all the hurting and agony took upon the enterprise to suggest the thought of a drinkable H2O supply strategy. Table: 5 Those Who Brought the Idea. Beginnings Number of people Percentage ( % ) Government 2 1 Womans Group 108 74 Village Leaderships 27 18 An person 10 7 Entire 148 100 Beginning: Field Survey 2006 The above tabular array shows that the adult females group of the small town introduced the enterprise. Those who responded otherwise were either nescient or had nil to offer. Taking this enterprise, the adult females met with the Chief and Elders of the small town. They were directed to an administration that provide aid to community undertakings were they got of import advice on the supply of inexpensive and drinkable H2O to the community. They country was surveyed and the cost deliberated upon. They so decided to seek for assistance from different givers to add to what they had. It should be noted that there were processs and conditions which the villagers had to follow and carry through before they got any external aid. 1.3.2 Support Undertakings like rural H2O supplies can non be carried without assistance from the villagers themselves. The people of Banjah though willing to lend for the realisation of the H2O supply strategy, had limited agencies of bring forthing income for the installing of the H2O undertaking. Therefore, they had to seek aid from International and Local Non Governmental Organizations ( NGO ‘s ) , to guarantee the success of the undertaking. The three stages of the undertaking were completed in 1992, 1994, and 1996 severally. Financial, proficient and material support were gotten from the Swiss Association for Development and Cooperation ( HELVETAS ) , African Development Foundation ( ADF ) , European Union and of class the Department of Community Development in Banjah. The fiscal parts can be seen on the tabular array below. Table: 6 Fiscal Contributions. Beginnings of Finance Sum in FCFA HELVETAS 7,300,000 ADF 5,551,000 European Union 3,447,000 Banjah Community 2,991,000 Entire 19,238,000 Beginning: Project Committee Chairman, Community labour costed about 3,000,000FCFA. This brought the undertaking to a sum of 22,238,000FCFA. The field survey besides showed that financess were chiefly received from NGOs and from the small town community. Chapter TWO ACTORS, STRATERGIES AND MANAGEMENT OF THE WATER PROJECT. The success of a community H2O supply can non be done by the community entirely. There must be other histrions involved. These include internal histrions which are made up of the people in the community and the external histrions which include people or organisations outside the community. These histrions in one manner or the other helped in the realisation of the Banjah H2O undertaking. Field surveies revealed how involved these different histrions were and are still involved in the supply and direction process of the undertaking. 2.1.1 Operation For a undertaking to be successful at that place must be effectual operation and care. The Banjah H2O strategy maps under the umbrella of the Banjah Water Project Committee. The H2O strategy was divided into three stages. The first stage involved placing the spring beginning and taking the right engineering. The tabular array below shows the appropriate engineering options for the community H2O supply and why the piped supply was choose for the community. Table: 7 Factors Considered in Choosing the Right Technology. Technology Cost Service Level O A ; M demands Water Quality Water point Cheap Very low Low Good Piped supply Expensive Very high Very high Good Manual pump Reasonably expensive Low High Good Dug good Cheapest Low High Good Rain catchment Cheap High Low Good Beginning: Committee president. The piped engineering was chosen after discoursing with the field technician ( from HELVETAS ) and the community. â€Å" This is because the H2O can easy be distributed in pipes to want points sing the topography of the small town † ( explained the commission president of the strategy ) The 2nd stage involved the aggregation of hard currency. This stage was really boring because it was non easy converting the villagers to lend. Several meetings were held in this visible radiation. The 3rd stage was the supply of local stuffs. Womans and kids carried sand and the work forces and young person carried rocks to the undertaking sites. This was done one-fourth by one-fourth under the supervising of the undertaking commission and one-fourth caputs. The 4th stage was the building work proper. These involved the building of the catchment country and storage armored combat vehicle, excavation of the trenches and laying of the pipes. A 2.5km pipe was laid from the catchment country to the storage armored combat vehicle. The undertaking covers a distance of 6.2km long and consists of 30 individual base lights-outs and 2 dual base lights-outs. There are four chief control valve Chamberss along the line and a little valve chamber attached to each base pat. There are besides several private base lights-outs in different families. 2.1.2 Maintenance and Management The Banjah Water Scheme has a care commission. This commission is supposed to guarantee sustainable direction of the strategy. The maps of the executive members who make up the care commission can be summarized as follows: Table: 8 Some Functions of Committee Members Chairman Secretary Treasurer Hearer Caretaker Presides at meetings Keeps proceedingss of meetings Keeps and collects community money Checks community histories Does routine care and punishes those who violates ordinances Sign the contract with the caretakers for operation and care. Prepares studies with president Prepares fiscal statements Prepares studies on the fiscal and stuffs direction Operates system e.g. , gap and shutting valves to ration H2O Represents the small town on H2O affairs Correspond and maintain bank books Signers to bank history Does fixs of the H2O system Authorizes outgos Keeps records of minutess Advises on what should be done on the system Coordinates actions of members Uses and histories for tools, trim parts and stuff Convenes meeting Beginning: Adopted from Andrew M Tayong 2005 These different maps have been clearly spelled out as above. But the inquiry is do the executive members execute their different maps judiciously? These will be expatiated in the chapters in front. 2.1.3 Community Participation Most local populations are normally actively involved in the decision-making concerning developments or in their execution. They do n’t merely supply information for the realisation of the strategy but besides take part in the effectual running of the strategy. The Banjah Community whole-heartedly participated to the success of the installing of the pipe borne H2O. The community participated through support and building of the H2O strategy. From field survey, more than 90 % of those who visited the catchment country went at that place for community work. The community of Banjah started take parting at the beginning of the building of the H2O strategy. The people were willing to make whatever they were asked to make. Much work was done at the catchment country. It included amongst others glade of study way, proviso of study nog, transporting of rock, sand and other building stuffs. The community was besides responsible for excavation of the spring beginning for the catchment and besides trenches that channel the H2O to the remainder of the small town. Each of the quarters involved in the undertaking had community work leaders who did the organisation of the work at the one-fourth degree. Community labour was estimated to be approximately 3,000,000FCFA. The community besides participated financially. Womans had to pay a amount of 2000FCFA, work forces 5000FCFA and kids above 18years 1000FCFA while those below 18years paid 500FCFA. The natives outside the small town were non excluded. They contributed massively towards the development of the strategy. Fund raising parties were held in most of the subdivisions all over the state to raise financess for the strategy. 2.1.4 Women Involvement In Banjah in peculiar and most other rural communities, adult females and kids are the primary groups of roll uping H2O. Therefore, they are the 1s who suffer most from the jobs associated to the proviso of H2O. The field study shows that adult females were those who brought the thought of drinkable what supply in the small town. As seen above, 74 % of the families interviewed revealed that adult females were those who brought the thought of drinkable H2O supply. They did non merely conveying the thought but besides helped in the executing of the undertaking. They were involved in transporting rocks and sand. They besides contributed financially by lending 2000FCFA each. Besides, some adult females participate in cleaning some of the public lights-outs and place installed lights-outs around. But it should be noted that on the other manus work forces are those who provide more financially and materially and are greatly involved in determination devising. It is a commiseration that many of them have small cognition about the agonies and load in supplying the household with H2O every twenty-four hours. Moreso, adult females are marginalized when comparing the possible function of the adult females with the existent engagement in the assorted phases of planning, building, care and rating. Womans are non really much involved. This explains why merely one adult female is a member of the executive board. Notwithstanding this the community at big extremely participates in the development of the undertaking. The above goes in line with the universe acme held in Rio de Janerio in June 1992 where they explained that experiences in many developing states during and since the International Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation Decade ( 1981 1990 ) shows that even the best tally H2O bureaus can non successfully implement, operate and keep a web of widely spread H2O systems without the full engagement and committedness of the users. There must be therefore the full engagement of a community in the realisation of any development undertaking, since they are the donees. Chapter THREE THE SOCIO ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF THE BANJAH WATER SUPPLY SCHEME. 3.1 Positive Impacts Water is an of import accelerator necessary for speed uping both economic and societal developments. Therefore H2O scarceness is one of the most of import environmental restraints of development, peculiarly in countries that face limited H2O in footings of quality and measure. The installing of pipe borne H2O in Banjah has resulted to some impacts. Summarily, there is the decrease of the incidence of H2O borne diseases, decrease of H2O fetching as a domestic load, sweetening of other development plans, step of poorness relief and others that are explained below. Table: 9 Main Benefits of the Scheme. Main Benefits Number of Peoples Percentage ( % ) Decrease in H2O borne disease Decrease in the load of bringing H2O Improvement in substructure Micro irrigation strategies Enhancement of other development undertakings Poverty relief 31 45 35 42 34 42 14 20 15 18 15 18 Entire 229 100 Beginning: Field Survey 2006 The above tabular array shows the chief benefits of the strategy to the sampled population. All these will be analysed below. 3.1.1 Decrease in Water Borne Diseases The criterions of Cameroon imbibing H2O, corresponds with that of France, which is laid down in article one of the edict of 10th August 1961, of the â€Å" Conseil Superieur d’hygien publique † and the edict of 28th February 1962 and 7th September 1967 ( Helvetas Manual, 1985 ) . These correspond to the international criterion, which says H2O should be colorless, tasteless, odorless and has no hazardous bacterium. The general safety of H2O is determined by its physical, chemical and bacteriological quality. It should hold sourness ( PH ) of measures which will do the H2O soft ( foams easy ) and the H2O should hold fix free carbondioxide. The tabular array below shows the study on chemical analysis of tap H2O in Banjah small town. Table: 10 Report on Chemical Analysis of Tap Water in Banjah Village. PH- value Hardness ( inA ° PG ) Carbonate hardness Non Carbonate hardness 0 Entire hardness 6.5 0.17 0 0.17 Content of ( in mg/l ) Sulfates so4 Chlorides cl Alkalinely mval cubic decimeter methyrorange Lime- aggreeive Carbon dioxide CO2 Heyer KmnO4 ingestion in mg/l 1 0.5 0.15 7.7 1.6 Calculated in mg/1 Natrium Bi carbomate NAHCO3 Magnesium Mg 7 0 Beginning: HEVETAS LAB The above chemical analysis of the Banjah H2O was done utilizing the Drinkable Water Analysis Kit ( pattern CA-24WR ) of Hach. Two liters of H2O was collected from the pat and put in a clean bottle made of good quality impersonal glass. The undermentioned chemical values were measured ; -PH-value -Hardness in grain CaCo3/gallon -Content of C dioxide CO2 in mg/l -Content of dissolved Oxygen in mg/l The little hardness, really soft nature of the H2O and the less acidic ( impersonal ) content of the H2O makes it really drinkable for imbibing and other activities. These hence explain how drinkable the H2O is. Besides the bacteriological content of the H2O was analyzed and is presented below. Table 11: A Summary of a Report on the Bacteriological Analyses of the Water. Organism Value Water Intended for Drinking Entire Coliform Bacteria Less than 10/100ml in at least 75 % of all the samples taken Faecal Coliform Bacteria Less than 10/100ml in at least 75 % of all the samples taken Beginning: HEVETAS LAB Faecal coliform count in H2O samples taken from rural systems should ne’er transcend 10 bacteriums per 100 milliliter, and no more than 25 % of samples should incorporate fecal coliforms. The H2O trial consequences shows that the Banjah H2O has less than 10 bacteriums per 100ml. The nowadays of the few bacteriums are as a consequence of some common dirt bacteriums which are frequently present sometimes but with really small hazard of fecal pollution. Besides, it should be noted that protected springs provide H2O free from fecal taint. Therefore these explain why the H2O is fit for imbibing. Banjah H2O as seen above is colourless, odourless, tasteless, non acidic, soft and with less bacterium content. The H2O can hence be termed mineral H2O. This high criterion of H2O has reduced the incidence of H2O borne diseases, though non wholly eradicated. This can be seen by comparing the distribution of diseases before and after the strategy. The tabular arraies below compare the distribution of diseases before and after the realisation of the strategy. Table: 12a Distribution of Diseases before the Scheme. Types of diseases Number of people Percentage ( % ) Diarrhea Dysentery Cholera Rashs 47 35 20 30 36 26 15 23 Entire 132 100 Beginning: Field Survey 2006 Table: 12b Distribution of Diseases after the Scheme. Types of diseases Number of people Percentage ( % ) Diarrhea Dysentery Cholera Rashs 12 11 2 6 39 35 7 19 Entire 31 100 Beginning: Field Survey 2006 A comparism of these tabular arraies shows that the incidence of H2O borne diseases has reduced. Harmonizing to the sampled population, the sum of 132 people was ill of H2O borne diseases before, and after the installing of the strategy it reduced to 31. This decrease is as a consequence of the good quality H2O. But the inquiry still remains why have n’t these diseases been wholly eradicated? This will be analysed in the pages in front. 3.1.2 Decrease in the Burden of Fetching Water Womans and kids are responsible for about all the activities in the rural surroundings in which Banjah is portion. With the coming of the H2O strategy, the load of transporting H2O has been reduced. They have much clip now for their household activities and instruction. The below statistics show the clip served by one individual for a twelvemonth when mensurating the decrease in the load of taking H2O. To cipher the entire figure of hours saved on the norm, we take a day-to-day figure and express as an one-year sum. Average clip saved per trip = 35mins Average clip saved per twenty-four hours = 1.06 ten 35= 37.1mins = 0.62hours Average clip saved for 1 twelvemonth by a individual = 0.62 ten 365hours = 226.3 hours. The figures indicated above gives the sum of clip the each individual will salvage in other to transport out other of import economic activities. With the above clip saved, adult females now are more productive and efficient in the public presentation of their domestic duties. They besides have clip for other more productive income bring forthing activities like ; agriculture, and selling the green goods, retailing, selling palm vino tapped by their hubbies. The income generated from these activities help in bettering kids ‘s nutrition, wellness, sanitation and instruction. The installing of the H2O strategy in Banjah has besides helped the adult females or made adult females better on their general sanitation. It has besides helped them to conserve their privateness, since they do non hold to take a bath in the watercourse or rivers as earlier. The Banjah adult females now have leisure clip to rest, visit relations and friends and besides join associations. They can freely oversee the kids, go toing meetings and other socio- political assemblage. These adult females besides have clip to organize autonomous enterprise groups which can better their criterions of life and cut down poorness. This is done through the instruction of the adult females on improved agriculture methods ( for illustration usage of fertilisers and other farm inputs ) , sanitation, nutrition and they are besides educated on HIV and household planning pattern to guarantee their well being. Some of them have decided to utilize the clip saved by increasing their farm sizes and thereby passing more clip on the farm. 3.1.3 Micro – Irrigation Schemes Agribusiness is the anchor of the Banjah people. From the field study, 80 % of the sampled population are engaged in agricultural activities. Water being really of import for agribusiness makes the installing of the pipe borne H2O really utile to the Banjah people. During the dry season when there is no rain, the installed H2O is used for watering small- graduated table farms and gardens. Most people who works veggies like huckleberry, tomatoes, onions and lettuce including harvests like murphies make usage of the H2O. Field study reveals that Banjah small town is the highest manufacturer of huckleberry normally known as â€Å" jamajama † . It is cultivated non merely during the rainy season as before but all twelvemonth unit of ammunition because of the presence of abundant H2O for irrigation. Peoples come in from far and near to purchase this vegetable and it is the highest income generator particularly during the dry season when it is scarce in other parts of the state. This strategy is besides used by cattle rearers. Most Banjah people like many others in the grassfield are cattle rearers. The H2O is used to maintain the animate beings fresh and healthy during the dry season when there is limited grass to feed the animate beings and besides the drying up of H2O points. It is besides used to turn hye during the prohibitionist season which some cowss feed on. The Banjah drinkable H2O is besides used for angling. There are angling pools in the small town. These fish pools do non merely generate income but serve as a beginning of protein which is really scarce to come by. 3.1.4 Rural Infrastructure. The rural substructure of Banjah portrays a typical African rural country scene. The small town suffers from a major job of unequal rural substructure. These include educational installations, communicating web, drinkable H2O, wellness centre, agricultural extension services, commercial installations and worst of all rural electrification. Houses in this small town are constructed with local stuffs like clay, bamboo and grass ( thatched ) . Very few people use cement blocks to build. Other stuffs used are zinc and processed wood. More than half of the people use clay blocks, locally produced to build. The chief route runs from Bamenda town through the small town to Bambili. There are minor roads and footpaths criss-crossing the other distant countries of the small town. There are two chief spiritual groups, which have been portrayed by the presence of Christian churches and a mosque. There is merely a primary school and a local market that operates one time a hebdomad. From the field study it was noticed much has truly improved as concerns substructure since the installing of the strategy. Some of the sampled population greatly agreed on this point. Peoples now have extra H2O nearer to build their ain houses. This has increased the figure of houses in the small town. Most frequently, houses are being constructed utilizing local stuff and by the proprietors. Since they have entree to a nearby pat, they mould blocks and build their houses at a lower cost. At first, they had to transport H2O from distant beginnings, this was really boring and really expensive ; fewer houses were hence constructed before the installing of the strategy. The installing of the strategy has besides enhanced other development undertakings. One of the major developments is the building of a wellness Centre although non yet completed because of abuse of financess. Recently, the route was graded and there are chances of tarring the route and supplying electricity to the villagers. 3.2 Negative Impacts The Banjah H2O strategy has been successful to an extent. This is because the small towns still face some negative impacts caused by the strategy. These impacts were gotten from interviews and direct field observation has been expatiated below. 3.2.1 Destruction of colonies, farming areas and flora. Colonies, flora and farming areas were destroyed in the cause of the installing of the pipes. Most of these pipes had to crisscross colony, flora and farming areas. All these things were destroyed without compensation as a consequence of the installing of the strategy. Field observation showed that some pipes passed through some people ‘s compounds. This mean that these people can non transport out any other development undertaking like constructing a house be house because the pipes will be destroyed. Besides its hazardous edifice a house because what if the pipes has a escape or is being broken the house will be wholly destroyed. 3.2.2 The catchment country and land decrease The land around the catchment country has been restricted from graze and other agriculture activities. This is to avoid pollution of the catchment. It should be noted that this has led to the decrease of farming areas and croping land particularly since this topographic point usage to be one of the really fertile lands of the small town. The limited land is now doing farmer-grazier struggles in some other parts of the small town. 3.2.3 Outgo Last, the installing of the strategy led to excessively much outgo, which to an extent has increased poorness. Although fiscal, stuff and proficient assistance were gotten from Non Governmental Organizations, the villagers besides had to lend. With their meager incomes, some were forced to pay certain dues. More so, they are still supposed to pay one-year dues of 1000FCFA for work forces and 500FCFA for adult females. Chapter FOUR PROBLEMS FACED IN THE MANAGEMENT OF THE SCHEME AND FUTURE PROSPECTS Majority of the Banjah population has entree to the drinkable H2O, but a good figure of the villagers are still faced with H2O crisis. There are many jobs in the direction of the strategy. Despite all these jobs, there are still some chances. 4.1 Problems Faced in the Management of the Scheme 4.1.1 Topography The survey country falls within the Western Highlandss of Cameroon, which implies that the underlying stones of Banjah are old granite and gneiss of the Precambrian epoch covered by basalt ( Neba 1999 ) . The part is fundamentally composed of drops. This vicinity depicts a rugged highland terrain made up of hills that are separated from each other by deep v-shaped and U-shaped vales depending on the incline. The alleviation of this country can be divided into two: the low and upland countries. The Lowlandss are found around the Southern Western and Central parts of Banjah, with an mean tallness of 700m. The Highlandss on the other manus cover the Northern and Eastern parts of the survey country. The height scopes from about 1800-2200m above sea degree. This physical terrain has greatly affected the distribution of drinkable H2O. Field observation shows that the site and state of affairs of the catchment is a great hinderance to the distribution of drinkable H2O as a consequence of the topography. The catchment is situated at a tallness of 1826meters above sea degree. There are other countries of more than 2000meters. This has made it impossible for drinkable H2O to make the really high countries. Much money is needed to widen the pipes to these countries. The catchment, located at the South West of the small town means that some pipes has to crisscross the survey country to ingestion countries. Besides, with the stony landscape some of the pipes have been broken hence sloping out much H2O. Some quarters are left without H2O. There is therefore the demand to supply much finance to better on the quality of pipes to direct H2O to the destitute topographic points. The varied landscape made up of undulating programs and high extremums, some which are higher than the catchment necessitated really high hydraulic profile or force per unit area to guarantee efficient H2O distribution. However, such a venture is rather expensive and may non be low-cost by the villagers or the dwellers of Banjah. This explains why many a clip particularly during the dry season a good bulk of lights-outs in Banjah does non flux and why quarters such as Ntoh with high lift have non yet benefited from the strategy. 4.1.2 Socio economic The economic system of Banjah like other rural countries is characterized by subsistence agribusiness. More than 85 % of the population is involved in subsistence agribusiness. There are other economic activities like the operation of proviso shops, off-licenses, merchandising of palm vino and local maize beer. The merchandising of firewood besides brings in much income. With their meager income they are faced with many duties like educating their kids and supplying day-to-day staff of life for the household. Therefore paying their annual dues is really hard and at times some people can non afford to pay for old ages. Besides the fiscal restraints of the community and their avidity to supply H2O within sensible distances for the people have made some families to put in base lights-outs around the compound. Most of such lights-outs are below acceptable criterions. They do non hold good basins round them but few rocks to back up the containers. As a consequence, there is a chance that H2O from such environment fortunes become contaminated earlier ingestion as soiled H2O splashes into the containers in the class of roll uping the H2O. 4.1.3 Negligence Most of the environing countries have been extremely neglected. Direct field observation shows that catchment country, the armored combat vehicle and some lights-outs have become soiled and shaggy due to negligence. This is because as explained above, the villagers are either non able or are non willing to pay their annual dues. Therefore, those who are supposed to take attention of these armored combat vehicles, catchments countries and lights-outs are non sufficiently motivated. This therefore consequences to carelessness. Besides most of the house installed lights-outs do non hold good drainage systems. This consequences to messy and unhealthy milieus. Dead H2O is a good genteelness environment for vectors conveying diseases like malaria which is really common in Banjah small town. 4.1.4 Population distribution There are a important alteration in the population of Banjah small town from the 1976 and 1987 nose count, the population of Banjah was 984 dwellers. In 1987, the population rose to 1824 that is 840 new dwellers or 86.8 % addition. It was projected that by the twelvemonth 2000, the population of Banjah was supposed to hold reached 3648 dwellers. Table 13: Population Trend and Projection. 1976 1987 Actual alteration Percentage alteration Projection 2000 984 1824 840 86.8 % 33648 Beginning: base on Demo 1987, Second General Census Cameroon. The ratio of public lights-outs to the population in the community is really low. There are about 32 public lights-outs in the small town to a population of more than 33648 people. Besides, the population is extremely dispersed. The community hence finds it really hard to turn up lights-outs and rather expensive to associate all the colonies with pipe borne H2O. There is overcrowding around these few lights-outs which consequences to contending particularly amongst kids. Some of these battles to bring H2O lead to hostility amongst villagers, which retard advancement. Besides, non all the countries have entree to drinkable H2O during the dry season. There is therefore the demand for rationing. Most people faced with these jobs tend to bring H2O from the contaminated beginnings. Therefore partially explains why the incidence of H2O borne diseases can non be wholly eradicated. 4.1.5 Management forces Like most community undertakings, people are elected from the community to pull off its activities. They form the nucleus of the undertaking. The Banjah rural H2O supply has this forces but with unequal direction accomplishments and trained technicians. Most of these people are voluntary workers with other professions. This means they have other businesss. They hence have limited clip for the personal businesss of the strategy. These restraints in work force ( labor ) have resulted to inadequate direction and bringing of required services to the people. Besides, field study revealed that, due to the work load and inability of the community to back up lasting workers as a consequence of fiscal restraints, these have given rise to inadequate records of the strategy such as figure of people, with private installings. Such records are critical because they aid in the anticipation and undertaking of future demands and fiscal budgeting sing the strategy. 4.1.6 Caretaker These are the field workers who are supposed to be familiar with their work. They are expected to often describe to the direction commission, on the state of affairs in the field, with the origin of the undertaking. Normally, at the get downing a villager was trained to execute this responsibility, but soon, other people have been co-opted in his topographic point. They are short of the needed accomplishments. As such there exists some carelessness to execute their responsibility coupled with deficiency of experience. At times escape can travel for hebdomads through pipe and lose caputs of public standpipes before they are discovered and repaired. 4.1.7 Communication job Field oppugning and observation besides showed that the people are nescient on how the undertaking operates and their program of work for the twelvemonth. All they know is that they have to lend for the operations. Because of this believe there is misappropriate of their financess, by those in charge therefore weakening the people ‘s involvement in full engagement on the activities of the H2O undertaking. They are hence non willing to pay their annual dues. The people believe that the money will non be judiciously used. This therefore makes it impossible for the undertaking to be smoothly tally. Future PROSPECTS IN RELATION TO PRESENT TRENDS OF EVOLUTION OF THE SCHEME All is non yet lost since there is still hope for the community to be wholly served with drinkable H2O. Field study revealed the following sing the future chances of drinkable H2O in the Banjah community. The nowadayss of raffia thenar and the cutting down of all eucalyptus around the present catchment country makes the handiness of drinkable H2O promising. This is because H2O will be available to the community at all seasons if non to the whole small town but to portion of the small town. The raffia thenar shop H2O which is released during periods of deficit, this guarantees changeless supply to some parts of the small town. Besides, the wiring of the country around the catchment country prevents the country from being polluted by either fertilisers from farming or croping around the catchment country. Finally, there is a great chance to recognize another strategy. This will hopefully function the Ntoh one-fourth and its milieus where there is no drinkable H2O supply at all. 4.2.1 A Short Description of the Micro undertaking. The deficiency of drinkable H2O in some parts of Banjah as a consequence of the rugged topography of the small town, poorness and long distance to drinkable H2O beginning has lead to high rate of H2O born diseases, hapless wellness and decrease in population. This undertaking will therefore aimed at relieving poorness and fosterage development through the supply of drinkable H2O to the Banjah castle and the Ntoh one-fourth as a whole besides reenforcing the flow rate of the bing supply. Aims: Short term: To provide drinkable H2O to the community. Long term: To better wellness conditions, increase agricultural production and accelerate development. Table: 14 Budget of a Proposed Scheme. DIFFERENT CONTRIBUTIONS Fundss IN FCFA Community Kind Contribution 1.980.000 Community Cash Contribution 1.528.000 Expected Aid 3.100.000 Entire 6.608.000 Beginning: Committee Chairman In order to raise financess for the undertaking, letters of entreaty will be send to project related Non Governmental Organization and many other givers. The cost estimation will hence be forwarded to the Ministry of Water and Energy which has a budget given for funding rural H2O supply strategies in Cameroon. With Cameroon making the Highly Indebted Country Initiative ( HIPIC ) degree, budgets are now allocated to transport out development undertakings in rural communities. So the Banjah people are looking frontward to derive aid from the State and of class other givers. A successful realisation of the above chances, will lend a great trade to the success of the Banjah Water undertaking. Mentions Published Beginnings Akintola F.O and Aroela. ( 1979 ) : Domestic Water Consumption in Urban Areas: A instance survey in Ibadan City, Nigeria Water Supply and Management.Nigeria. Vol. 4 pp ( 313-312 ) Andrew M. Tayong. ( 2005 ) : community voice in rural H2O supply undertakings. An illustrated usher and practical usher. 58p Andrew M. Tayong. ( 2002 ) : ‘Spring Water Tapping ‘ , In Van Wilk, C. , Jo Smet ( explosive detection systems ) Small Water Supplies: Technology, people and Partnership, IRC, Delft, The Netherlands pp152-167 Andrew M. T. , Poubom, C ( 1999a ) . ‘Convincing Peoples To Pay For Water: Nkouondja In Cameroon ‘ . In: Lammerink, M.P. , de Jong, D. , ( explosive detection systems ) , PLA notes: Participatory Learning and Action, Community Water Management, London, UK, IIED. 35:52-55 Archer, Bailey and Johnson. ( 2003 ) : A Report on the Umgeni Water Project in Pietermatziburg. South Africa, Kwazulu- Natal. 23p Bastemeyer T. and J.T Visscher. ( 1990 ) : Care Systems for Rural Water Supplies. IRC, The Hague, Nertherlands.43p Bolt, E. , ( 1994 ) : Together for Water and Sanitation: Tools Apply a gender Approach, The Asiatic Experience, OP24E, the Hague, The Netherlands, IRC 52p Catarina Fonseca and Eveline Bolt, ( 2002 ) : How to Support Community Management of Water Supplies. Guidelines for Managers. The Hague, Netherlands.144p Curtis V. ( 1985 ) : Womans and the Transport of Water. Intermediate Publications, London. Faniran. ( 1987 ) : Rural Water Supply in Nigeria ‘s Basement Complex: A survey in Alternatives. Second World Congress, International Resource Association. New Delhi Vol. 3 pp ( 89-100 ) . Febure B. ( 2002 ) : Rural Water Supply and Human Interest in Africa. Carnets de L’Enfance, pp 81-86 ( English, French sum-up ) . Funk J. ( 2002 ) : L’introduction d’un Programme d’eau a Belhassement. Carnets de L’Enfance, pp81-86 ( English and Gallic sum-up ) . Joanne G. 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University of Dschang Faculty of Agronomy and Agriculture. 76p Mbanga Lawrence Akei ( 2004 ) : Community Participation in Rural Development: The instance of Ngoketunjia Division North West Province- Cameroon. University of Yaounde 1, Department of Geography. 97p SAMA Eugene AGWO ( 1996 ) : Water Resource in Moghamo Batibo Subdivision: An Appraisal of Community Management and Protection. University of Yaounde 1, Department of Geography. 117p Nzolle Ezang Gisele ( 2005 ) : Problems of Rural Water Supply Case Study Muea Water Scheme. His/Geo Department ENS Yaounde. 103p Local Reports/Information Brochures/Texts/Reviews and Circulars. Andrew M.Tayong, ( 2001 ) : Report of a National Workshop on Community Management of Rural Water Supplies in Cameroon.WSMC, Yaounde.56p HELVETAS. ( 2004 ) : Program for Sustainable Water Supply and Sanitation Services. ( PWS ) . Bamenda. IRC. ( 1994 ) : Working with Women and Men on Water and Sanitation. An Africa Field Guide. IRC, The Netherlands. 98p IRC. ( 1998 ) : Small Water Supplies. Technology of Small Water Supply in Developing Countries, proficient Paper 18 IRC. The Hague, Netherlands. IRC. ( 1999 ) : Undertaking â€Å" Promotion of Community Management of Rural Water Supply in Developing States † . Project no.ww041404 3rd six monthly advancement Report. IRC, The Netherlands.25p IRC. ( 2001 ) : Spouses for Progress. An Approach to Sustainable Piped Water Supplies. Technical paper series 28.140p Miller. P ; ( 1977 ) : Water Supply Vol.2, pp ( 77-81 ) United Nations, ( 1977 ) : WATER DEVELOPMENT AND MANAGEMENT.Proceedings of the United Nations Conference. Part 2 Vol 1 774p SKAT, ( 1997 ) : Less Water for More Peoples: The most urgent planetary challenge. Swiss Centre For Development Cooperation in Technology and Management.27p Adrian Coad, ( 2000 ) : The Household – Centred Approach: A new manner to increase the sustainability of H2O and sanitation undertakings. SKAT. 54p Bollotiral CIG Network, ( 2001 ) : Report of the Sensitisation of the Sonie Population on â€Å" Community Participation † in their Water Supply Project. HELVETAS.17p HELVETAS, ( 1985 ) : Manual For Rural Water Supply. SKAT and ATOL. 174p Martin Wiese, ( 1996 ) : Probes on the Impacts of Piped Water Supply and on Planing for Sustainable Hygiene Education in the NWP, SWP and W of Cameroon. HELVETAS Bamenda. 36p Mieke and Pokhara, ( 1994 ) : Autonomous Drinking Water Support Concepts and Prospects. HELVETAS. 20p Table OF CONTENT GENERAL INTRODUCTION METHODOLOGY AND LIMITATION OF STUDY 0.5.1Data and Information Collection Acquisition of secondary informations Acquisition of primary informations. Data analysis. Chapter ONE Situation OF POTABLE WATER BEFORE THE REALISATION OF THE SCHEME AND SUPPLY PROCEDURE Situation of Water Supply before the Realization of the Scheme. Beginnings of Water Before the Realization of the Scheme 1.2 Problems Faced Before the Realization of the Scheme 1.2.1 Burden of Fetching Water 1.2.2 Health Problems 1.2.3 Social Problems 1.3 Supply Procedure 1.3.1Initiation 1.3.1Funding Chapter TWO 3.1 ACTORS AND STRATERGIES IN THE SUPPLY AND MANAGEMENT OF THE SCHEME. 3.1.1Operation, Distribution of lights-outs and Care 3.1.2 Community Involvement. 3.1.3 Women Involvement Chapter THREE SOCIO ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF THE BANJAH WATER SUPPLY SCHEME. 3.1 Positive Impacts 3.1.1 Decrease in Water Borne Diseases 3.1.2 Decrease in the Burden of Fetching Water 3.1.3 Micro-Irrigation Schemes 3.1.4 Rural Infrastructure 3.2 Negative Impacts 3.2.1 Destruction of colony, farming area and flora 3.2.2 The catchment country 3.2.3 Outgo Chapter FOUR PROBLEMS FACED BY THE SCHEME AND FUTURE PROSPECTS 4.1 Problems Faced by the Scheme 4.1.1 Topography 4.1.2 Socio- economic 4.1.3 Negligence 4.1.4 Population Distribution 4.1.5 Management Personnel 4.1.6 Caretaker 4.1.7 Communication Problem Future PROSPECTS IN RELATION TO PRESENT TRENDS OF EVOLUTION OF THE SCHEME A Short Description of the Micro Project How to cite Case Study Of Banjah Village Environmental Sciences Essay, Free Case study samples

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Bubonic Plague Essay Claim The History and the Present State of the Bubonic PlagueThe Bubonic Plague got its name because of the symptoms of the disease. Bubonic plague causes swollen lymph nodes, called buboes. These swollen lymph nodes are found in the groin area, which is boubon in Latin (Discovery).This disease became known as a plague because of its huge fatality rate throughout time. Bubonic plague was also known as the Black Death in Medieval times. This is because the dried blood under the skin turns black. The Plague is caused by an infection with Yersian pestis. Yersian Pertis is a bacteria carried by rats and fleas found in parts of Asia, Africa, and North and South America. Plague is given to humans by being bitten by a flea with the disease or by plague infected tissue. When Yersinia Pertis gets into the body, it goes to the liver, spleen, kidneys, lungs, and brain. Some of the symptons are shivering, vomiting, headache, giddiness, intolerance to light, pain in the back and limbs, or white coating on the tongue(Discovery). After a couple days places that have lymph nodes start to hurt (neck, armpits, and the groin). After the pains, there is swelling of the lymph nodes called boboes, which are hard lumps that begin to appear on the groin, neck, and armpit. Blood vessels then bust, which causes internal bleeding. Dried blood under the skin begins to turn black(Discovery). The plague was called the Black Death because of the black blood(History). Fourteenth century doctors didnt know what caused the plague, but they knew it was contagious. They wore a protective suit which had a mask with a beak. The beak of the mask, was filled with vinegar, sweet oils and other strong smelling things so that they would not have to smell the dead and dying people(History). The Bubonic plague has a vaccine, which lasts for about 6 months. The plague vaccine is not available in the United States but a new vaccine is being worked on. The plague can be treated if caught early. Penicillin is useless on the plague(Discovery). The best way to prevent the plague is making places more clean by killing rats and other plague causing things. The people of the 14th century tried to eliminate the plague by bathing in human urine, putting crap on themselves, putting dead animals in their houses, and drinking molten gold and emerald powder(History). The Bubonic plague is not as harsh as it used to be, but it still is around. The third biggest outbreak of the Bubonic plague in history was in Manchuria in 1890, and it even reached San Francisco in the early 1900s. Before the plague started to die off, it killed 12,597,789 people in India and Asia(Far From). Words/ Pages : 460 / 24

Systematic Evaluation of the Process of Delivering Change within the Fire Rescue Service

Insanity Is it in our Schools essays

Insanity Is it in our Schools essays What exactly is the definition of insanity? Insanity is being in a mental state of mind that does not allows you to make correct decisions on events that are occurring at that moment. But this definition is not always the same through out the United States. One persons definition is not always the same as the next. This comes into conflict when trying to decide someones fate in court cases, and this is especially important when it involves a minor that has committed a serious crime. As an example to the seriousness of some of the crimes, look at all of the school shootings that have been occurring throughout the United States. What are we to do with young children that are now sentenced to prison for life without parole? To call them insane is not the answer. We need to find something that can be done to help stop the huge number of young people in the correctional system. Because the huge amount of money it costs to house inmates per year is extreme, and it is costing the t axpayers enough money already to house the adult inmates. We need to find alternate solutions other than sending these young men and woman to prison for the rest of their life, and causing them to legally go insane. What can we do to prevent these young adults from committing such extreme crimes? We need to look at the home and see if anything is wrong there first before anything else is even looked at. Because, to take away the children from their parents is only a good if they are part of the problem. Parents are extremely important in a child life and set the foundation for what is to come in the future from him/her whether in the positive or the negative. There are many reasons for there being problems at home. It could be the lack of supervision by an adult, the absence of punishment, and many more reason why the child is not having a good home life. There are still many more reasons why child resort to violence when faced wit...

Social Influences on Behavior Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Social Influences on Behavior Paper - Essay Example According to Zajonc, people perform better on dominant tasks, i.e., simple, familiar or well learned tasks, when others are around than when others are not around (as cited in D. D. Henningsen, M. L. M. Henningsen & Braz, 2007). On the contrary, on non-dominant tasks, i.e., complex, unfamiliar or novel tasks, the presence of others causes social interference or inhibition, thus impairing the performance. An instance where social facilitation can be seen in effect is in the sports scenario. The differences in performance levels of teams on the home ground and away can be explained by the concept of social facilitation. David Dryden Henningsen, Mary Lynn Henningsen and Mary Braz, through their study on a college basketball team, have very effectively supported this view. For their experiment, data was gathered for "78 NCAA division I men's teams from the 2000-2001 college basketball season" (D. D. Henningsen, M. L. M. Henningsen & Braz, 2007). Statistics were collected for each game te ams played over the season where a home team could be clearly designated. Home and away totals were recorded for shots attempted and made with regard to free throws, field goals and three point shots. The results showed that teams performed better for shooting tasks at home than on the road. Significant home performance advantage was noted for the easier task of field goal shooting while this was not noted for the more difficult three point shooting. This is very much consistent with social facilitation. Interestingly, home performance advantage was not observed for the easiest task which was free throw shooting. The authors conclude that it is possible that free throw shooting is a dominant task and that "anytime a college basketball player shoots a free throw before a crowd, social facilitation occurs and that the benefits of being at home or being a better shooting team are bounded by a ceiling effect" (D. D. Henningsen, M. L. M. Henningsen & Braz, 2007). According to Silva and A ndrew (as cited in D. D. Henningsen, M. L. M. Henningsen & Braz, 2007), the home advantage is "created more by impaired performance by visiting teams than by improved performance by home teams." According to them, free throw shooting levels were overall the same for home and visiting teams while home performance advantage was not seen for field goal shooting. This, according to them, was because free throw shooting is a simpler task than field goal shooting, so social inhibition occurs for field goals and not for free throws when teams are on the road. While Robert Zajonc put forward the drive theory, where he used the term, "dominant response," Cortrell's theory of social facilitation, which uses the term "evaluation apprehension," states that "rather than the mere presence of others, it is the worry of being adjudged that affects performance" (as cited in "Social Faciliation," 2006). Another major theory of social facilitation as put forward by Saunders et al. (as cited in "Social Faciliation," 2006), uses the term "distraction conflict," according to which participants in high distraction condition performed better on simple tasks but worse on complex ones. From the above theories, it is clear that social facilitati

Analytical review on the presentation on women in shakespaeres sonnet Essay

Analytical review on the presentation on women in shakespaeres sonnet 130 - Essay Example "Many critics read this poem as a parody of contemporary love poetry and it certainly has a mocking tone. Some critics suggest that Shakespeare is satirising the conventions in order to mock the Woman." (Raymond, 167) Through description of the woman's physical beauty and her characteristics, Shakespeare affirms his conception of women and, indirectly, challenges the representation of women in the traditional literature and romantic poems. In a reflective analysis of the portrayal of women in literature through various centuries, it becomes lucid that women have been portrayed differently by writers of different ages and there is a note of cynicism by the time of Shakespeare who breaks the conventional image of the mistress in his sonnet 130. Chaucer's Wife of Bath is the stereotype of women during the period, who is a champion of female rights, and there were several other stereotypes of women, by the 16th century, promoted by the courtly love tradition and the emergence of the sonnet and Arcadian idylls.

Managing Operations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Managing Operations - Essay Example Vertical integration will ensure that the company owns upstream buyers as well as downstream suppliers. This kind of strategy, unlike the horizontal integration, is characteristic of one firm engaging in diverse production processes that include manufacturing, transportation, marketing of its products and the end process of retailing. Vertical integration will also enable the new company expand vertically through processes of acquisition (Holloway, 2002). Such processes of acquisition will enable the company to expand. Expansion in business is desired because it consolidates the supplies needed by the company in the production of the needed products and their subsequent marketing and sale. This results to a more diverse and efficient business entity that incurs lower costs of production and surge in profits. Related to this is lateral expansion, which means growth of the business through acquisition and purchase of similar firms in anticipation of attaining economies of scale. Throug h these kinds of expansion strategies, there are increases in scales and market shares. However, internal/external losses and gains are characteristic of vertical integration. They differ depending on the technological state of the manufacturing sector/industry that produces power hand equipment/tools (saws, sanders, and electric drills). They correspond to the stages that characterize the industry’s life cycle. The company is therefore set to gain in terms of lower costs in transaction, the synchronization of demand and supply along the supply chain’s products. The supply chain is also set to gain from higher levels of investment and lower uncertainty. Another gain that the proposed business is set to achieve is the ability to capture and monopolize the market by selling high quality products that are capable of propelling the company’s fortunes in profits and market share. Vertical integration would also translate to strategic independence of the company in ca ses where vital inputs are scarce or their prices are highly volatile (Bovel, 2003). Vertical integration also attracts some losses to the company. These losses touch on high coordination costs, high organizational and monetary costs brought about by changing to other buyers/suppliers. There is also less motivation for quality performance at the beginning of the business because sales are guaranteed and substandard quality may be included into other types of inputs at subsequent stages of manufacturing. Five major performance metrics ought to be adopted by the proposed supply chain business. These metrics ought to be measured regularly, for instance, after a period of one month or so, for each specific product of the business. One of the performance metrics that should be used to measure performance of the supply chain is the Fill Rate, which is the order percentage, delivered on schedule/time. This means the products are delivered to the customers on time as requested. Another perf ormance metric that should be incorporated by the supply chain is the Response delay, which is the difference between the negotiated day and the requested day of delivery expressed in normal working days. Measuring frequencies of different delay values can enable estimations of the statistical order distributions with a specific delay value. In this instance, managers ought to be interested in the probability of surpassing a given value. Stock is the next

Developments of Far Right Ideologies

Developments of Far Right Ideologies 1. Introduction Political scientists, in recent years, have been concerned over the revival of extreme right political movements in Europe and other parts of the world. Even as extreme right wing ideologies continue to be identified by the general public with the discredited fascist movements that swept Europe in the first half of the twentieth century, they also continue to fascinate political experts and the public with their myriad hues, complexities and the morbid attraction they hold for people in different political settings. Just three-fourths of a century back, in the first quarter of the 1900s, waves of leftist movements buffeted the countries of Europe and threatened to overwhelm not just the bastions of free trade and capitalism, but also the democratic models that, to some degree, worked in the UK and the USA. The aftermath of the First World War, depleted European treasuries and the great American depression had led to large-scale unemployment, poverty and economic despair in most states of Western Europe. With life being uncomfortable, unfair and difficult for millions of people, the political environment was open to upheavals and led to the spread of Communism, and to the emergence of fascism, as well as its widespread acceptance. These two political ideologies, one left and the other right, deeply opposed to each other, went on to dominate the political processes of Europe until the Second World War. The war ended in the military defeat and eclipse of fascism, as well as its virtual obliteration from the political lexicon. The vengeance of the victors ensured that the word became a worldwide slur, shunned by all political parties. Fascism owes its origin to the Italian leader Benito Mussolini and takes its name, both from the word â€Å"fascio†, meaning union or league, and from fasces, a Roman symbol of magisterial authority that suggests strength through unity. Its ideology, while originally represented by the political movement led by Mussolini, later came to stand for a generic class of authoritarian ideology that received widespread acceptance and support in Western Europe. While fascist parties and governments faced the charge of commitment of enormous crimes against humanity after the end of the Second World War and their extinction led to widespread relief, the eighties and nineties witnessed resurgence in parties with broadly similar extreme right ideologies. The resurrection of the extreme right in Europe in the last two decades has also led to the expression of new thoughts, which focus on strong opposition to immigration and on the disenchantment of certain sections of society with the contradictions and challenges created by the democratic system. Britains problems with xenophobia and right wing violence have their equivalents all over the Continent, from Antwerp to Vienna. I could just as easily have begun this book with descriptions of the right-wing street terror of the East German university towns of Jena and Erfurt, or the widespread surmises-probably untrue-behind the soccer hooligan violence of the European Cup in 2000. Or the right-wing electoral surges that occurred from Romania to the German state of Saxony-Anhalt. Or the racist prejudice and violence visited upon asylum-seekers and immigrants in places as far apart as Paris and Budapest. A host of extreme right-wing phenomena-though hardly anything resembling the fascist and Nazi upsurge of the 1920s and 1930s-are on the march all over Europe. [1] Many European countries, including the UK, have political parties with neofascist political ideologies. However, a number of factors, like the absence of a defining common ideological treatise, (like the communist manifesto that governs leftist thought) as well as significant differences in their political and social approaches, have led some political scientists to surmise that extreme right wing ideologies do not share a common theme. The representation of every isolated xenophobic reaction to be a manifestation of neofascism has also added greatly to the confusion enveloping the issue. It is the aim of this essay to study the history, nature, incidence and practice of extreme right wing political thought, and analyse whether this impression is valid, or whether all extreme right movements do share common and distinct ideology. 2. Commentary Right wing ideologies sprouted all over Europe in the 1920s and 1930s. Apart from Italy under Mussolini, Germany’s Third Reich under Adolf Hitler, Portugal’s Estado Novo, Hungary’s Arrow Cross Perty, Romania’s Iron Guard and Spain’s Falange were among the parties and governments considered to be fascist. In recent years fascism and modern concepts of extreme right ideologies have been studied in detail by researchers like Roger Eatwell, Roger Griffin, Piero Ignazi and Cas Mudde, their work contributing significantly towards opening up the area to greater scrutiny. The rise of extreme right wing ideologies is associated mostly with the fascist movements in Italy and Germany, which culminated in seizure of governmental power. Its’ rise in Europe, however, actually commenced with the end of the First World War, and the descent of an uneasy peace on the war ravaged continent.This peaceful interregnum was, as is well known, marked by a number of deveopments that led to the collapse of democracy in most European countries; other than France and Britain. The Bolshevik Revolution and the formation of the Soviet state had already sent shockwaves through the landed gentry, the bourgeoisie and the businessmen of Europe. This â€Å"fear of communist takeover, imaginary or otherwise, coupled with widespread unhappiness over the Versailles Treaty, terrible economic conditions, huge unemployment figures and the desire of minorities to assert themselves created conditions that seemed to herald the doom of capitalism†[2] and invite ambitious and power hungry individuals to come forth, promise grandiose futures, create easily distinguishable punching bags, weave extravagant dreams of national glory and take over the reins of power. Mussolini came to power on the back of a political career that began in 1912 and culminated in his assumption of the Prime Minister’s office, and dictatorial powers, in 1922. Even though he entered politics as a socialist, his journey to power was marked with many shifts in ideology, which saw him, at different stages, allying with the landed bourgeoisie, espousing women’s suffragette, wooing capitalists and breaking worker strikes; all this, before the takeover of power by his Fascist Party led to a more detailed elaboration of Italian extreme right wing ideology. â€Å"The Party, along with big business, the Church, state, army, Fascist unions, and corporations became one of several semi-autonomous power centres in Fascist Italy.†[3] While Mussolini became the archetypal fascist and encouraged the rise of fascist movements in other countries including the Nazis in Germany, the Heimwehr in Austria, Mosley’s party in the UK and the Falange in Spain, his form of fascism differed from extreme right ideologies prevalent in other countries of Europe; which in turn were influenced by local political and social conditions. Similar differences in right wing ideology espoused by various parties in Europe exist even today. The progressive vulgarisation of fascism over the years and its representation as a badly put together collection of half-baked clichà ©s and reactionary attitudes has served to make extreme right ideology a collective object of derision, the misconceptions over its principles being further exacerbated by continual mindless referrals that sometimes border on the ludicrous. George Orwell wrote in 1944: the word ‘Fascism’ is almost entirely meaningless. In conversation, of course, it is used even more wildly than in print. I have heard it applied to farmers, shopkeepers, Social Credit, corporal punishment, fox-hunting, bull-fighting, the 1922 Committee, the 1941 Committee, Kipling, Gandhi, Chiang Kai-Shek, homosexuality, Priestleys broadcasts, Youth Hostels, astrology, women, dogs and I do not know what else almost any English person would accept ‘bully’ as a synonym for ‘Fascist’. [4] However, many political scientists thinkers do believe that extreme right wing ideology, when used in a proper and accurate context, is well defined and has specific features. Robert Pearce argues that the ambit of orthodox fascism specifically includes (a) an extreme form of nationalism, where humans are important but only as part of a nation, (b) social Darwinism, which stipulates that struggle between nations is inevitable, (c) theories of racism, which operate on hierarchies of races and brand some as inferior; (d) anti-positivism, or rather, the belief that humans are influenced more by myth and intuition than by logic and reason, (e) the notion of the heroic and wise leader, and (f) the idea of the corporate state, a constructive middle path between capitalism and communism.[5] Roger Eatwell of Bath University has also put forward a number of stipulations that he feels should form a minimum fascist agenda. Eatwell states that the importance of the new man and the creation of new elite are at the centre of fascist ideology. This concept of elitism, illustrated by Mussolini’s belief in trenchocracy and Hitler’s obsession with breeding a race of super teutons, is common to all fascist and extreme right political thought. In fascism, the new man is required to battle for his country and be instrumental in the build-up of the state. Fascists placed emphasis on integrating man through a form of manipulated activism in both the political and economic spheres. They were encouraged to attend mass celebrations, which unquestionably had a quasi-religious appeal for some. The Dopolavoro and German copy, the KdF, organised events such as mass holidays, for example to the island of Rà ¼gen, which had the largest hotel in the world in 1939. Professional sport too became a form of popular control. State-subsidised sport could also provide more individualised and even commercially-related pleasures, such as motor sport in which Alfa Romeos, Mercedes and Auto Unions vied for dominance and national prestige on Europes circuits.[6] Apart from a strong focus on the development of manhood, fascism was distinguished by an emphatic sense of nationalism, a strong belief in the importance of race, a virulent opposition to communism and the significance of the state in regulating political, social and business activity. The importance of the state arose primarily from the contempt that leaders of fascist movements felt for the ability of the masses to play any constructive role on their own. The inordinate use of myth and propaganda by fascist governments also emphasises this proclivity of the elite to think of the masses as gullible and easily led herds. The use of myth was thought to have a much stronger effect in galvanising public opinion than the use of reason and logic, be it to foster belief in the concept of racial superiority, the necessity for persecution of Jews, the imperativeness of going to war, or for increasing production in factories. While anti-Semitism reached demoniacal proportions in Nazi Germany, the importance of racial purity and superiority was also evident in Italy, where coloured people, rather than Jews, were targeted for persecution. While fascism, per se, was based on the specific value systems elaborated in the preceding para, the extreme right movements that emerged in Europe in the 1980s were influenced by certain contemporaneous developments that resulted in some modifications to the traditional approach. Right wing extremism, though still not a serious threat, has gained significant acceptance in the recent past in countries like France, Germany, Austria, Belgium and Italy. Le Pen scored very well in the French presidential elections of 2003. Many European extreme right parties, for example, the Flaams Blok in Belgium, the Alleanza Nazionale and Lega Nord in Italy and the FPO in Austria have succeeded in increasing their electoral base. Germany and Austria, in particular, have seen strong growth in the development of neo fascist support. Since unification, a violent xenophobic youth culture and an extreme right movement with neo-Nazi edges have taken hold and spread in Germany, especially in the states of the former GDR, temporarily, they established so-called nationally liberated zones in which they try to seize power and authority by means of sustained violence, and they are supported by occasional regional electoral successes. [7] The political development of the new right differs from country to country. In Europe, it appears to have moved away from conventional neofascism to firstly, incorporate resentment against immigration and dilution of cultural heritage in its agenda, and secondly, use democratic representation to push for anti immigration policies, based on nationalist and populist emotions. According to (Piero) Ignazi, the new extreme right politically signifies, articulates and successfully mobilizes a formerly silent counter-revolution of a return to authoritarian-nationalist and conventional moral values, directed against culturally pluralized, postmaterial libertarian values, individualized lifestyles, and postindustrial sociocultural modernization.[8] In 2000, Jorg Haider’s FPO became Austria’s second strongest political force. Moreover, the party also succeeded in entering government, albeit as a junior partner; the first case of power coming to the hands of the extreme right in a West European country after the demolition of the Italian and German regimes. In a state that considers itself to be one of the biggest victims of Nazism, the FNP and the FPO, both parties that belong to the extreme right, base their electoral appeal on a mixture of ethnic pride, national identity, xenophobia, and anti Semitism. It is pertinent to note that Austria has also had to face significant increases in immigration, legal and illegal, after the fall of the iron curtain and the disintegration of the Soviet Union. Cas Mudde, who in his book, â€Å"The Ideology of the Extreme Right† has made a detailed analysis of five rightist parties, concludes that four features, built around the core of nationalism, form the essence of right wing extremism.[9] The state should implement a policy of internal homogenization and create a mono-cultural society through the deportation of foreigners The world view is defined by a pervasive xenophobia, in which anything different is seen to be threatening and includes external and internal enemies All parties studied support a form of socioeconomic welfare chauvinism Well-ordered community life is essential for the protection of citizens and society. Roger Eatwell states that in addition to using xenophobic insecurities, extreme right parties also attempt to broad base their appeal by supporting tradition and conservatism in social life. Certainly extreme right groups tend to defend traditional values. The FPÃâ€", for example, developed in the late 1990s the idea of a Kinder Scheck, a form of new child benefit designed to help keep women in the home (previously welfare programmes had not figured in FPÃâ€" campaigns, other than through its stress on immigrant parasites). They also tend to be hostile to forms of sexual liberation, such as homosexuality. Extreme right groups also tend to be nationalist, although a notable minority stresses ethno regionalism as the primary source of identification (the homogenous, relatively limited geographic region is often portrayed as a natural rather than bureaucratic barrier to immigration)[10] The extreme right, in the 1920s and in recent times, has worked primarily on the insecurities of people who feel threatened and insecure by seemingly uncontrollable social, environmental and economic developments. This happens, mostly by using conspiracy theories and by projecting social contradictions onto an intangible and hazy enemy. These ideologies continue to appeal to the social paranoia of threatened sub-groups by projecting the benefits of a well-ordered authoritarian world peopled by ethnic and nationalist communities over the numerous uncertainties and social challenges raised by democratisation, the implementation of universal values and modernisation of culture and society. 3. Conclusion It has become increasingly evident that electorates have not been able to entirely reject extreme right ideologies, even after the ostracisms heaped on them after the Second World War. Extreme right ideologies continue to exist, not just under the dictatorships of despots like Idi Amin, but also in the democratic and affluent economies of Western Europe. Neofascism takes much of its inspiration from the fascist theories of the 1920s, when people were aroused on the platforms of superiority of race, creation of superior men, anticommunism and delusions of nationalist grandeur. Modern day ideology continues to stress upon the importance of ethnicity, if not race, and mostly all extreme right ideologies converge in their aim of removing outsiders. While the concept of the mythical ideal man is not thought of, any longer, as a serious possibility, extreme right ideologies work on a sense of ethnic nationalism, the desire for homogenization, and the relative safety of an authoritarian and socially conservative state, ruled wisely by a powerful and able leader. Extreme right movements have not become powerful enough to capture power and run governments, the exception being Austria where the FPO participates in Government as a minority partner. As the ideologies of extreme right parties are still restricted to inflammatory rhetoric, it is difficult to predict the modifications these ideologies may have to undergo, when faced with the real and inherently globalised and democratised world. An illustrative example is the case of the FPO in Austria where the party, classified as a ghetto party in the late fifties, achieved substantial electoral success and joined government, albeit in the face of fierce opposition from many EU states; who joined hands to keep the FPO leader Jorg Haider out of office. It is common knowledge that during the period the party was out of power its political position was anything but responsible. The FPÃâ€" opted for an aggressive campaigning style and employed political rhetoric that was often unbridled. Its core electoral issues included political corruption, over-foreignization (ÃÅ"berfremdung), (immigrant) criminality, the alleged arrogance of the EU and a celebration of the supposedly exemplary values of the little man. The fact that during this period the FPÃâ€" had no political responsibility whatsoever for national politics and was dismissed by its competitors as qualitatively unsuitable for government (not least precisely because of the unrestrained nature of its campaigning style), only made it all the easier for the party constantly to engage in irresponsible electoral outbidding of the then governing parties.[11] Interestingly, the FPO has lost a fair amount of support after it joined government. While this may possibly be due to the fact that governmental responsibility has required a toning down of irresponsible rhetoric, experts feel that the slump in popularity could also be due to the open hostility showed by the other EU states to the FPO’s participation in government in Austria. It is quite difficult to assess how these organisations will ultimately place themselves, or even to predict whether anti Semitism will replace the current anti Muslim feeling in Europe. However, it does seem apparent that most extreme right ideologies have a number of common tenets, possibly because they arise from the same universal insecurities, which concern trespass, a distrust of outsiders, a comfort in association with one’s own kind and an inherent desire for the stability provided by a father figure. It would also be quite logical to surmise that as all extreme right ideologies work on these insecurities; their solutions will also tend to be similar, modified only because of local political and social equations. Bibliography Antliff, Mark. Fascism, Modernism and Modernity. The Art Bulletin 84, no. 1 (2002): 148+. Berlet, Chip. The Right Rides High. The Progressive, October 1994, 22+. Blum, George P. The Rise of Fascism in Europe. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1998. . Century ed. Peter H. Maerkl and Leonard Weinberg ,London: Frank Cass, 2003 Eatwell, R, The Nature of ‘Generic Fascism, U. Backes (ed.), Rechsextreme Ideologien im 20 und 21 Jahhundert (Bohlau Verlag, Cologne) 2003retrieved 3 Jan 2006 from staff.bath.ac.uk/mlsre/Seriousfascism.htm Eatwell, R, Chapter Two Ten Theories of the Extreme Right, in Right-Wing Extremism in the Twenty-First Century ed. Peter H. Maerkl and Leonard Weinberg ,London: Frank Cass, 2003, 53 Fascist as Epithet, Fascism, Wikipedia, 2006, retrieved Jan 3 2007 from en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fascism Federici, Michael P. The Challenge of Populism: The Rise of Right-Wing Democratism in Postwar America. New York: Praeger Publishers, 1991. Hoffmann, Stanley. Why Dont They like Us? How America Has Become the Object of Much of the Planets Genuine Grievances-And Displaced Discontents. The American Prospect, November 19, 2001, 18+. Ignazi, Piero. Extreme Right Parties in Western Europe. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003. Luther, Kurt Richard, Chapter Eight The FpÃâ€": from Populist Protest to Incumbency, in Right-Wing Extremism in the Twenty-First Century ed. Peter H. Maerkl and Leonard Weinberg London: Frank Cass, 2003, 197, Lipset, Seymour Martin, and Earl Raab. The Politics of Unreason: Right Wing Extremism in America, 1790-1970. 1st ed. New York: Harper Row, 1970. Maerkl, Peter H. and Leonard Weinberg, eds. Right-Wing Extremism in the Twenty-First Century. London: Frank Cass, 2003. Marfleet, Philip. The Clash Thesis: War and Ethnic Boundaries in Europe. Arab Studies Quarterly (ASQ) 25, no. 1-2 (2003): 71+. Michael, George. Confronting Right Wing Extremism and Terrorism in the USA. New York: Routledge, 2003 Miller, Marlowe A. Unveiling The Dialectic of Culture and Barbarism in British Pageantry: Virginia Woolfs Between the Acts.. Papers on Language Literature 34, no. 2 (1998): 134+. Minkenberg, Michael, and Martin Schain. Introduction. In Right-Wing Extremism in the Twenty-First Century, edited by Maerkl, Peter H. and Leonard Weinberg, 1-19. London: Frank Cass, 2003. Moore, Robert. Race, Class and Struggle: Essays on Racism and Inequality in Britain, the US and Western Europe. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 26, no. 2 (2000): 372. . Morgan, Philip. Fascism in Europe, 1919-1945. London: Routledge, 2002. Mudde, C, The Ideology of the Extreme Right, Manchester University Press, Manchester, 2003 Passmore, Kevin. Fascism: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, 2002. . Pierce, R, Fascism, New Perspective, vol. 3, No. 1, 1997, retrieved 4 Jan 2007 www.users.globalnet.co.uk/~semp/facism.htm Racism in Contemporary America. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1996. Rensmann, Lars. The New Politics of Prejudice: Comparative Perspectives on Extreme Right Parties in European Democracies. German Politics and Society 21, no. 4 (2003): 93+. Rubinstein, Gidi. 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Maerkl and Leonard Weinberg (London: Frank Cass, 2003), 3, [2] Robert Pierce, Fascism, New Perspective, vol. 3, No. 1, 1997, retrieved 4 Jan 2007 from www.users.globalnet.co.uk/~semp/facism.htm> [3] Kevin Passmore, Fascism: A Very Short Introduction , Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, 2002, [4] Fascist as Epithet, Fascism, Wikipedia, 2006, retrieved Jan 3 2007 from en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fascism [5] Robert Pierce, Fascism [6] Eatwell, R, The Nature of ‘Generic Fascism, U. Backes (ed.), Rechsextreme Ideologien im 20 und 21 Jahhundert (Bohlau Verlag, Cologne) 2003 retrieved 3 Jan 2006 from staff.bath.ac.uk/mlsre/Seriousfascism.htm [7] Lars Rensmann, The New Politics of Prejudice: Comparative Perspectives on Extreme Right Parties in European Democracies, German Politics and Society 21, no. 4 , 2003 [8] Lars Rensmann, The New Politics of Prejudice: Comparative Perspectives on Extreme Right Parties in European Democracies, [9] Cas Mudde, The Ideology of the Extreme Right (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2003 [10] Roger Eatwell, Chapter Two Ten Theories of the Extreme Right, in Right-Wing Extremism in the Twenty-First Century ed. Peter H. Maerkl and Leonard Weinberg ,London: Frank Cass, 2003, 53 [11] Kurt Richard Luther, Chapter Eight The FpÃâ€": from Populist Protest to Incumbency, in Right-Wing Extremism in the Twenty-First Century ed. Peter H. Maerkl and Leonard Weinberg, London: Frank Cass, 2003, 197,