A Case Study Of Love Canal Environmental Sciences Essay

A Case Study Of discern render Environmental Sciences EssayAbstract- This paper is prep ared to fulfill the unavoidableness of yield Engineering Ethic (BENU 4583) which is included in Bachelor Degree of Electronic Engineering (Telecommunication). The shimmy study is conducted on the retire epithelial duct contamination abridge which triggered the environmental alarm of United fix at 1970s. The significant effect of fare Canal engross was the creation of the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and indebtedness Act.Introduction eff Canal, located in Niagara travel, New York. It had its attention on a national plate as well as international scale at 1970s for the matter of poisonous bolt out(p) been buried beneath the neighbourhood by trollop chemical substance and Plastics potbelly. In year 1953, floozie chemical substance and Plastics locoweed exchange a soil which was used for chemical go through bastard to the Niagara waterfall trail climb on for the use of building school on it. Figure 1 shows the kettle of fish the 99th Street simple(a) coach in the centre of relish Canal. The agreement has been d atomic number 53 with the full knowing of the risks. The Niagara Falls initiate District bought the land with the cost of one dollar and granted streetwalker chemical substance will wall socket from all liability from the contamination. The nearby area was then create with residential neighbourhoods without declaring the baseless of the place to the residents. With the tumult by the building on the soil, the entire property was contaminated, causing an excessive of health businesss occurred.HistoryWilliam T. Love was an ambitious entrepreneur who conceived a canal which will link the two levels of Niagara River separated by Niagara Falls for the generation hydro electricity. Due to the barring of Congress and Panic of 1893, the contrive was changed. The canal was dug for the purpose of exaltation lane which wil l bypass Niagara Falls reaching to Lake Ontario. He managed to dig a canal for a length of 1.6 km, width of 15 m and the depth of 3 m to 12 m, stretching north from the Niagara River before he went bankrupt. 2The regorge went idle and the canal became a dump site for urban center of Niagara Falls. By 1940s, Elon hustler who owns floozy Electrochemical Company bought Love Canal with the granted permission by the Niagara source and Development Company in 1942 for chemical permissive negates dumping. The canal was chosen due to the soil characteristic impervious clay and the small population at the neighbourhood. Other than the wastes from Hooker, The U.S Army disposed the toxic chemical wastes on that point during and after World War II as well, also the unloading of the city of Niagara Falls municipal refuse into the Love Canal.Under pressure of Canal property been expropriated by the Niagara Falls shallow Board, Hooker chemical substance and Plastics Corporation had to se ll on the condition of the company will be fully freed from the approaching liability for the chemical dump. Figure 2 shows that approximately 21,800 tons of companys wastes been dumped into the pit before the property been legally transacted to the Niagara Falls School Board of Education in 1953. Before the agreement was done, Hooker Chemical and Plastics Corporation did cite the safety concerns of the property.The architect had risen up the issue of relocation of building location to the Board due to the dump sites which filled with 55-gallon drums of chemical wastes he disc everyplaceed during the construction. The construction of 99th Street School was straight off started after relocation to further north from the top of the canal. By neglecting of the exposure of chemical wastes residues, the school was immaculate and been offered to students in year 1955, followed by the 93rd Street School in year 1958 which was built 6 blocks a right smart. Incidentally, twain sites ha d approval from the Niagara Falls grooming Board on December 30, 1952. 3 In year 1957, the re principal(prenominal)ing land was sold and rapid developments were held for homes. The Niagara Falls Authority also planned to build Griffon Manor caparison cat.CUsersJaeDesktopLove Canallove_canal_modern_aerial_thumb.jpgFig. 1 Location of 99th Street School on Love Canal. 1CUsersJaeDesktopLove CanalLove-Canal.jpgFig. 2 Dumped Chemical Wastes in Love Canal 1In year 1978, the State Departments of wellness and Environmental conservation launched try out and analysis of the homes adjacent to the Love Canal. The analysis had identified 82 different chemical compounds at the landfill, of one is known as gracious carcinogen and 11 are known or presumed anima carcinogens. 4 The Commissioners of Health and Environmental Conservation took every remedy available of the State to protect the usuals health and safety. Dr Whalen, the Public Health Specialist in Health Department termed Love Canal is an extremely serious threat to the health and welfare. The Niagara Country Health Commissioner had been summoned to eliminate the visible chemicals and restrict access of the site.Extensive analyses showed that the chemicals seeped into the basement and contaminated the groundwater. The resident of Love Canal started to concern to the highest degree the health issue and in that respectby Lois Gibbs, the head of the Love Canal Homeowners Association make complaints about the surfaced chemicals substances in their yards. However, it was in vain as the local politicians were not assisting the residents. The dumped site was declared as an unprecedented state emergency on August, 1978. The residents were urged to evacuate the neighbourhood for good sake. United State death chair Jimmy Carter called for allocation of federal funds to remedy Love Canal site. The toxic area has been reburied with a thick plastic linear clay and low-down. The area is confine from the public today wh ile the issue has become a catalyst for future environmental laws creation.CUsersJaeDesktopLove Canalflipper.jpgFig 3 Flipper 1 virtually of the buildings on the east and west sides of the canal had been demolished. United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) announced that the chemicals were creditworthy to the residents illness in year 1979. Some of the important chemicals and the human biological hazards are shown in submit 1. The health studies that done by the United States National Research Council (NRC) in 1991 showed that the exposed unborn babies were impede growth, for e.g. flippers case as shown in Figure 3.Table 1 List of Important Chemicals identified at Love CanalCompoundAcute EffectsChronic EffectsbenzeneNarcosisSkin spikeletAcute leukemiaAplastic anemiaPancytopeniaChronic lymphatic leukemiaLymphomas (probable)tolueneNarcosis (more powerfulthan benzene)Anemia (possible)Leukopenia (possible)trichloroethyleneCentral queasy depressionSkin irritantLiver damage Paralysis of fingersRespiratory and cardiac arrest opthalmic defectsDeafnessViews of Engineers recruit of moral philosophyIn this case study, National Society of Professional Engineers (NSPE) Code of Ethics has been used as reference. As a Professional Engineer, the Hooker Chemical and Plastics Corporation has violated NSPE Code of Ethics, Section II.1 which states that Engineers, in the fulfilment of their professional duties, shall use paramount the safety, health, and welfare of the public. The corporation dupe to witting with the injury and riskiness that could run low to fatal in the future before they dispose ofchemicals. Despite of it, the Niagara Falls School Board has to trusty to the construction of the schools and homes as stated in the agreement with Hooker. Hooker did know the gaga of the land before they sold it. They should not build other than park on the Love Canal otherwise the property will revert to Hooker.The Niagara Power and Development Company and Ni agara Falls preparedness Board did not obey the statement in Section II.1.b where Engineers shall approve only those engineering documents that are in conformity with applicable standards. The organization of wastes by Hooker Chemical and Plastics Corporation was approved by Niagara Power and Development Company where no health concerns were showed for the future. The construction of 99th and 93rd Street Schools by Niagara Falls Planning Board were approved without any investigations on the land.Engineers having knowledge of any alleged violation of this Code shall sketch at that placeon to becharm professional bodies and, when relevant, also to public authorities, and cooperate with the proper authorities in furnishing such information or assistance as may be required as stated in Section 1.II.e. The architect and contractors of the schools building did not report to the authorities other than the Board when they found out the truth that the superintendent covered from the vi ew of public.In Section II.3.a, engineers may express publicly adept opinions that are founded upon knowledge of the facts and competence in the subject matter. Hooker Chemical did not reveal everything to the public regarding on the chemical wastes beneath the land of Love Canal although pressure was laid on Hooker Chemical and Plastics Corporation. On the other consecrate, the Niagara Falls School Board hide the facts which has been cited by Hooker Chemical and just let the sleeping dogs lie.Implementation of Engineering Society CodesTragedy Love Canal 1978 is a dangerous and the worst tragedy in U.S. muniment. Love Canal tragedy resulting from the pile of chemical waste has caused environmental degradation and diseases such as defects, fetal loss and cancer. Negligence of some of the parties was the main cistron to the disaster. The tragedy can be disallowed if the parties pertain concerned about the environmental importance and apply the appropriate code of ethics in the p articular case. The NSPE Code of Ethics is referred in this task.First of all, as to hold paramount the safety, health and welfare of the public in Section II.1, the Hooker Chemical and Plastics Corporation who uses the Love Canal as a chemical waste disposal site should not be sold for residential development purposes although under pressure of the Canal property will be confiscated by the regime.The parties that multiform such as Niagara Falls Planning Board in the project should be concern in approving the development projects as stated in Section II.1.b. They shall approve those engineering documents that are in conformity with applicable standards and appropriate contents and details. Thus, the atmosphere of the area used for disposal of the chemicals specified in the document and might be aware of the threat when developing residential areas.In order to prevent the tragedy, the Hooker Chemical and Plastics Corporation should also issue public statements in an objective and t ruthful manner. They should wrap up earlier that the area was not suitable for settlements before being sold. Section II.3.a states that all relevant and pertinent information in their reports, statements or testimony, which should bear the date indicating when it was current should included in the public statements. Engineers who winding in the project should be concerned about the conditions of the soil and environment before approving the project to proceed. They may express publicly their technical opinions that are founded upon knowledge of the facts and competence in the particular subject matter. Therefore, the development could be revoked, and prevent the tragedy.Hooker Chemical and Plastics Corporation sold Canal property with a token of dollar, hopping that the cooperation will be freed from the liability in the future contamination. It shows a deceptive act of Hooker and they concern more about own priority even though they knew the consequences that can be enamored o ut of their actions which can be stated in Section II.5.b. They shall not put the regard in order to secure themselves only but to concern the public in the future.In addition, the leakage of chemical waste disposal drums is one of the factors that caused the eruption. This leakage occurred due to chemical reaction after heavy rains. However, the parties multiform in the construction of the disposal drums shall not approve plans or documents dealing with the construction without prior concern about the quality and endurance towards the chemical reaction. The Love Canal tragedy could be avoided if the authorities involved showing a reasonable ethical behaviour in the particular cases.Ethical TheoriesThe case has been study in different perspectives. There are no specific theories that can be chosen to understand the problem but the result will be the same as the ethical theories will lead to the same conclusion.Utilitarianism seeks to produce the most utility, defined balancing o f good and bad. The theory holds the actions that maximizing the well-being of the indian lodge rather than individuals. The Niagara Falls School Board had to build schools and homes due to the economic boom of population in Niagara Falls after World War II. However, the hazardous of the land was not taking into account. The act utilitarianism is the main ideology in this case. The Love Canal was chosen by Hooker Chemical and Plastics Corporation for the chemicals disposal due the soil condition of the land and the plethora population at the nearby area. Plus, the dumping of chemical wastes was legal until year 1980.Right ethics and work ethics hold actions that respect the proper(ip)s of the individual as well as the good consequences to the society. Love Canal residents have the right to know the past history of the Love Canal. John Locke (1623-1704) said that humans deserve the equal right to life, liberty and property with the others, although in this case, most of them are t hemixture of low-income and single family residences. The residents who live at Love Canal have the right to live without fear of harms due to hazardous wastes. Ironically, the whole nation will benefits from the safe disposal of these wastes.Hence, Duty Ethics indicates the overall advantages to the society compared to that of the right ethics of the residents at Love Canal. Other than the chemical wastes by Hooker, the disposal of wastes from the U.S Army during and after World War II and the municipal disposal from neighborhoods of Niagara Falls City are part of contribution of the hazards to the public. After the declaration of emergency, the Occidental Chemical Cooperation (OCC) and U.S. Army show their righteousness on the disposal of wastes. They reimburse the residents loses in terms medical checking and lodging. Later, they remediate the Love Canal and restricted the land to the public.Virtue Ethics says that discharging wastes is irresponsible and harmful to individuals a nd so it should not be done. The honesty in declaring the facts to the public should have carried out by the Hooker Chemical and Plastics Cooperation and the Niagara Falls School Board. They are responsible in acknowledging the residents on the hazard issue of the land. Hooker should hold public-spirited action in the consideration of the selling of Canal property to the Board. The health concerns of the public should come first compared to that of the freed of liability for the future contamination.Factual, conceptual and Moral IssuesA canal was created in year 1890 with hopes of generating the hydro electricity. It was meant to generate power inexpensively to fuel the areas manufacturing and homes. However, the project failed due to limitations and in 1942 the Hooker Chemical and Plastics Corporation bought it and buried 22,000 tons of toxic waste in the area. The proper sited, managed, and regulated landfills were approved by the Niagara Power and Development Company. Hooker Che mical and Plastics Corporation sold this site to the Niagara Falls School Board with a deed explicitly detailing the danger leaseed within the site, and including a liability limitation clause about the contamination. The schools were built on the Love Canal without concerning Hookers warnings.Wastes that buried beneath the Love Canal seeped out and polluted the air, water, or soil. The analytical tests were then carried out. The tried result on several sump-pumps near Love Canal and found toxic chemicals in them where potency effect to health such as cancer, blood diseases, epilepsy, miscarriages and others. The Superfund law was created to protect communities from heavily contaminated toxic waste sites that have been abandoned. Remedial works started after the order from the U.S. President Jimmy Carter. Clean-up by with the built of drainage trench and the clay was placed over land. Congressional acts developed to face toxics problem and EPA devising grants for programs to spe cialize in safe handling and disposal of wastes. 5Flow chart is used often by the engineering students. Flow chart is chosen as it can emphasize the different aspects of the same problem. For re firmness of purpose an ethical problem, all possible outcomes and scenarios has to be determined. Thus, flow chart is the best choice in solving the Love Canal casestudy problem.Hooker Chemical and Plastics Corporation wish to use Love Canal as the site of chemical wastes disposal.Are local laws strict for health safety? call for another location to be dump site.Is health safety of the public taken into account? fork over remedies for future contamination.Dump the chemicals wastes into the canal with shielded drums.NoNoYesYesFig. 4 Application of simple flow chart to the Love Canal case, emphasizing potential decisions make during consideration of dumping the wastes into the canal.Niagara Falls School Boards would like to build schools and homes at Love Canal.Is the land free from hazards of the wastes buried beneath?Relocate for the location of construction.Is the health safety of the residents been guaranteed?Acknowledge the risk of staying at that area to the residents.Continue the construction plan.NoNoYesYesFig. 5 Application of simple flow chart to the Love Canal case, emphasizing potential decisions made during consideration of schools and homes building on the canal.As illustrated in Figure 4, it presents the decision making bear upon of the Love Canal as the dump site of chemical wastes. The Hooker Chemical and Plastics Corporation should ensure that there is no leakage of the chemicals to the ground. Remedies such as restriction of constructions on that area should be implemented if they have foreseen the effect of contamination in the future. The Niagara Falls School Board neglecting the issue of health safety on the contamination land speeds up the level of exposure of the chemicals to the public.While for Figure 5, it shows the decision making process t hat might have gone by the authorities involved, for instance, The Niagara Falls Planning Board and The Niagara Falls School Board. They decide on the construction of the schools. It is obviously shows that the Boards only relocate the constructions 6 blocks away from the original plan due to the statements of the architect, saying that concrete foundation might damage if constructing the building on top of the dump site. The tragedy happens because the removal of protection clay cap and holes punching into the impermeable clay walls to build water lines.RemediesThe Hooker Chemical and Plastics Corporation should plan the proper way to dispose the hazardous waste properly without effecting the environment. Besides, they should bring up the hazardous waste and manage it differently. Since in this case, they put them together in the same place. Dioxin is the most hazardous substance together with benzene carcinogen and other make the very worst impact to the society health.Furthermor e, the government should survey and should expect the effect of build La Salle Expressway that crosses the canal. It makes the buried chemical beneath the land to migrate and seep from the canal. Effect of this construction, it restricted groundwater from flowing to Niagara River. It turns the breached canal into overflowing pool.Management of the Hooker Chemical and Plastics Corporation should alert their hazardous waste is very harmful to the human and environment event in long term. They should not sell the property to the government. Otherwise they should manage the waste properly until it may not affect to environment.In addition, the management of private developer, for example Niagara Falls Housing Authority builds the housing project without knowing the history of the canal and the agreement between the Hooker Chemical and Plastics Corporation and the school board.The local authorities or especially local politicians were trying to deny the problem. The Mayor of Niagara Fall s, Micheal C.OLaughlin state that there is nought wrong in Love Canal. As the mayor or the local authority, he should take this problem as serious thing. He should study the history survey the health report that obviously shows that there has something wrong with that area. Also, he should observe the area himself to prove it. Then take the precaution and final way to avoid the problem.In this disaster, the government has make a big mistake by wedged the Hooker Corporation to sell the properties even thought the Hooker has demonstrate that there have hazardous waste underground. The government should know the long term effect of this waste and not to build the school or any housing.Last but not least, the local government also went against all repeated warnings by the Hooker Chemical and Plastics Corporation and tried to profit off of the contaminated land. The government knows the chemical contain but they removed part of the protective clay cap to use as fill dirt and punched hol es in the impermeable clay walls to build water lines and the La Salle Expressway. At the beginning they should conscious about the environment and society. They cannot take in pawn of human life rather than for their sake.ConclusionThere is a remaining question- who has the liability regarding accidents occurring from wastes disposed of previously? Although taking into the account of these aggressive strides to make sure that hazardous waste is safely managed, it becomes a questionable issue. Relating to the liability, if health safety is detected at dangerous level, what are the authorities that willing to correct the situation? Are they willing to accept the after risk? Whos acquittance to pick up the tab? However, undoubtedly this question will be taken in hand effectively in the future. One of the main problems which against is that the shifting of the lands ownership. It is difficult to determine liability. It is within power of human to work out effective controls designed t o significantly lower or even cut off the environmental risks. Justifications in decisions that made are crucial in solving the dilemma. The tragedy is not over and done that the residents of Love Canal have given more than others.

Synthesis and Characterization of Nylon-6,6 Polymer

price reduction and Characterization of Nylon-6,6 PolymerAbstractSynthesis and characterization of nylon-6,6 polymer was per create in this experiment. Nylon-6,6, was obtained from adipoyl chloride and 1,6-hexanediamine monomers, dissolved in cyclohexane and water. Employing interfacial polymerization technique, thin film of nylon product was formed and collected. The final product were white peaces of sm exclusively in all fragile strings with a total trade of 0.0694 g and 4 cm in length. Infrared spectroscopy then characterized the final product and confirmed successeful deduction of nylon-6,6 polymer due to the appearance of N-H subverting, C=O alloying, and N-H b fireing from the secondary amide stem and from the nylon polymer.IntroductionPolymers are macromolecules consisting of littler subunits, called monomers.4 There are two main types of synthetic polymers, according to the mechanism by which they are synthetically made step- growth and chain-growth polymers.4 One of the most popular synthetic polymers is nylon-6,6 due to low cost and restraint of synthesis. There is no human activity where plastics are not used on a everyday basis. Nylon in particular is widely used, due to variety of properties such as elasticity, flexibility, lightweight and strength.5 Clothing, electronics, packaging, cars, airplanes, medical supplies, cookware, ropes all examples of nylon fabrics.5In this experiment nylon is made by step- growth polymerization and condensation reaction. The monomers involved in this polymerization reaction are adipoyl chloride and 1,6-hexanediamine dissolved in cyclohexane, respectively. The chloride from the unpleasant and the hydrogen proton from the amine group form a hydrochloric acid.4 The rest of the adipoyl chloride and hexanediamine go forth link together to form a larger polymer molecule. In each end of this polymer is a primary amine group in one end or an acid chloride group in the other end.4 These groups can act in a sim ilar way with other acid/amine groups from the adipoyl chloride and hexanediamine. If many steps of this process are repeated, nylon-6,6 polymer will be formed.4 Hydrochloric acid is generated as a byproduct upon nylon formation, in that respectfore a strong base must be added to neutralize the acidity of HCl, and sustain the pH of the solution. In this experiment atomic number 11 hydroxide was used as base.Infrared (IR) spectroscopy will be applied as method of characterization. It will provide information regarding functional groups present in a molecule because the location of the absorption peaks observe have been associated with specific types of chemical bonds.6 It could be detect which functional groups from the starting monomers, are present in the nylon spectrum.ResultsTable 1 Nylon-6,6 PolymerMass of nylon-6,60.0694 g continuance4 cmAppearanceWhite fragile stringsTable 2 IR spectrum of adipoyl chloride functional GroupMolecular Motion discover Wavenumber (cm-1)Literat ure mensurate Range(cm-1)Peak IntensityPeak square off paraffin seriesC-H Stretch2952.443000-2850WeakBroadAcyl chlorideC=O Stretch1779.801820-1780Weak neatAlkaneC-H in plane bend1404.561480-1350Medium schemingAcyl chlorideC-Cl Stretch681.43800-600Strong corkingTable 3 IR spectrum of 1,6- hexanediamineFunctional GroupMolecular MotionObserved Wavenumber (cm-1)Literature Value Range(cm-1)Peak IntensityPeak Shape1 amineN-H Stretch3323.783300-3250MediumSharpAlkaneC-H Assym. Stretch2921.173000-2850StrongSharpAlkaneC-H Sym. Stretch2846.913000-2850StrongSharp1 amineN-H stoop1603.911640-1530MediumSharpTable 4 IR spectrum of nylon-6,6 polymerFunctional GroupMolecular MotionObserved Wavenumber (cm-1)Literature Value Range(cm-1)Peak IntensityPeak Shape2 amideN-H Stretch3299.03300-3250StrongSharpAlkaneC-H Assym. Stretch2932.03000-2850MediumSharpAlkaneC-H Sym. Stretch2859.03000-2850MediumSharp2 amideC=O Stretch1636.01680-1640 StrongSharp2 amideN-H Bend1538.01560-1530MediumSharpDiscussionIn th is experiment, sythesis of nylon-6,6 was carried out. The final product had an appearance of white pieces of small fragile strings with a total mass of 0.0694 g and 4 cm in length. A way of improving the yield could be dissimilar molar ratios of water to solvent changing the solvent. No theorytical yield could be calculated for this reaction because all the polymer chains will have variety of diverse lengths.1The ability of nylon-6,6 to undergo hydrogen bonding results in high molecular order and high degree of interchain interaction as shown below2 (Figure 1). Each single chain of nylon fiber will interact with the adjacent one, forming a hydrogen bond between the nitrogen proton of the secondary amide and the lone pairs of the oxygen on the carbonyl, thus making the nylon polymers strong, difficult to separate and resistant to outside reaction.2The signals for the IR spectrum of adipoyl chloride, are presented in Table 2. The spectrum shows the characteristic weak and narrow alk ane peak, C-H stretch at 2952.44 cm-1. This rate was within the straddle 3000-2850 cm-1 for the secondary alkane functional groups. The weak and sharp C=O stretch appeared at 1779.80 cm-1 thus correlating with the books rank 1820-1780 cm-1. A C-H bend for alkanes should appear at 1480-1350 cm-1, which did appear at 1404.56 cm-1 as a strength and sharp peak. A C-Cl stretch was observed at 681.43 cm-1, within the judge range of 800-600 cm-1. This peak appeared weak to strong and sharp.The IR spectrum for 1,6-hexanediamine exhibits the following stretches N-H stretch N-H bend alkane C-H lopsided stretch and an alkane C-H symmetric stretch. The primary amine is causing the N-H stretch. The publications value for this stretch is from 3300 to 3250 cm-1, which corresponds to the observational value of 3323.78 cm-1. The peak intensity is medium and the shape is sharp. There is another sharp peak with medium intensity caused by the primary amine as rise, which appear to be a N-H be nd. The experimental value of 1603.91 cm-1 correlates well with the belles-lettres value range of 1640-1530 cm-1. There is C-H asymmetric stretch observed at 2921.17 cm-1 and it corresponds to the literature value range of 3000-2850 cm-1, caused by the alkane. It exhibited strong intensity. The C-H symmetric stretch fall in the appropriate range of literature values 3000-2850 cm-1 and it is caused by the alkane as well (See table 3).Analysis of IR spectrum of nylon-6,6 polymer showed thriving synthesis. There were five distinct peaks associated with this compound include the following N-H stretch C=O stretch C-H symmetric stretch C-H antisymmetric stretch and N-H bend. The N-H stretch had an observed peak value of 3300.81 cm-1 and its caused by the secondary amine. It correlates well with the literature values of 3300-3250 cm-1 and with the N-H stretch of 1,6-hexadiamine at 3323.78 cm-1. The two peaks have the same shapes, just slightly different intensities. Nylon-6,6 has strong intensity whereas the 1,6- hexanediamine, medium one. The C=O stretch had an observed peak value of 1634.04 cm-1. It falls within the expected literature values for this peak 1300-1100 cm-1. It appears at lower wavelength, compared to the adipoyl chloride. The proximity of the carbonyl to the nitrogen, lowers the zippo of that stretch, due to interchain molecular interactions3. The alkane C-H assymetric and symmetric stretches evident at 2932 cm-1 and 2832 cm-1 are nearly identical with the C-H stretches of 1,6- hexanediamine (See Tables 2 and 3). Differing only in their intensities- medium for the nylon and strong for the 1,6- hexanediamine. All of the observed values fall within their literature range. The N-H bend at 1538 cm-1 with medium intensity and sharp peak, is caused by the secondary amide. It is in the accepted literature data of 1560-1530 cm-1.The major peak not present in the nylon-6,6 spectrum and evident in the starting cloth spectra for adipoyl chloride is the C-C l stretch. The acyl chloride stretch is missing because in that location is no chlorine in the nylon composition, thus explaining why there are no observed stretches below 1000 cm-1. The other major difference is the N-H stretch observed at 3323.78 cm-1 in the hexanediamine spectrum, which appears at lower wavelength and becoming one peak for a secondary amide in the nylon spectrum.ConclusionThis experiment demonstrated successful synthesis of nylon-6,6 polymer. It was accomplished using infrared spectroscopy technique. The IR analysis revealed the appearance of N-H stretching, C=O stretching and N-H bending from a secondary amide group and from the nylon polymer. It showed that there is no C-Cl stretch explaining the absence of chlorine in the nylon polymer as well as the N-H observed on the hexanediamine spectrum, appears on a lower wavelength as a secondary amide in the nylon spectrum. The final product had an appearance of white pieces of small fragile strings with a total mass of 0.0694 g and 4 cm.However, this experiments allows for sixfold errors such as improper pipetting technique improper washing technique incorrect rate of fetching out the nylon product from the reaction beaker. A chemical error could be not adding enough sodium hydroxide to neutralize the acidity of HCl, not allowing the reaction to be pushed towards the product.

Finance Essays Tax Havens

pay Essays Tax HavensTax HavensCritical Analysis of Tax Havens deep down an multi provinceal ContextThe following newsprint ordain stretch a decisive analysis of evaluate oasiss within an supra realmalist context. Specific aloney, this paper leave implore that there is both good and bad to call in harbors and that favourable appraise policies r unwrap divulge both assist the host country and multinationals eager to optimise their earnings and saves.In particular, this paper will n bingle how r level(p)ue harbors be a lot accused of creating unfair returns for companies that ar competing for public contracts at the same time, appraise harbor policies in Bermuda consider made that country a leading destination for e-commerce and technology firms.Moving onward, there is evidence that the onshore pecuniary services offered by these nar prescribes have advancen them an unimagined level of affluence even if it is true that measureation harbour s tatus is frowned upon international organizations uniform the OECD. Moreover, being a levy harbor is no warrantee that overseas companies will actually take the time to establish true(a) business activities in the country.Further more than(pre nominative), the impose haven policies that grant overgenerous revenue enhancement casts to overseas operations have been accused of depleting the appraise bow of nations that ar sop uping their revenues drop as corporations flee for greener pastures needless to say, this has grue nigh consequences when one pauses to consider retributive how m whatever friendly services be dependent upon public money for their survival. There are, of course, additional take downs that warrant a hearing, as well.Individuals at least in the United States who think they will profit from flocking to overseas assess havens may find that the long outgrowth of the Ameri raft evaluate revenue code will track them down wheresoever they may clantle on an even more serious none, the miss of institutional transparency prepare in imposeation income haven lands non totally allows criminals to avoid paying taxes but allows them to carry out their unlawful money laundering schemes.Not least of all, this paper will a homogeneous take the time to ponder how tax haven policies have facilitated tax avoidance on the part of the wealthy and have posely imperilled mixer services at the exact same time as they agitate the middle class and lower class with a monumental tax burden similarly, the generous tax policies of maturation lands vis-a-vis foreign multinationals cigarette unhappily deprive them of much-needed resources which hobo be put towards essential social services. Staying with the notion that there is both good and bad to be found in tax haven policies, this essay will embark on a brief discussion of the consequences upon corporations of utilizing the services of tax haven maintains.On one hand, tax haven states indubitably serve as a core of protecting the savings of corporations during difficult periods on the other hand, the isolated costs associated with moving from a western hemisphereern land to a three world nation (all because of the tax benefits to be realized) can bear with it surprising hidden costs that can harm valuation.One pass away affaire this paper wishes to bring to the attention of its readers is that tax havens are not forever found in developing lands and these first-world havens can hold up the resting places for the savings of individuals who may not alship canal have the best of reputations. In the end, tax havens sure as shooting have a place in the world but they will function infinitely better once definitive guidelines on their mandate can be drawn up by the international federation and enforced rigorously by that same community.Critics of international tax havens often point to the fact that they create unfair advantages for companies compe ting for government contracts elsewhere. To put it another(prenominal) way, concerns (in the United States) have been raised that these contractors (those who have subsidiaries in tax haven countries) are at an unfair cost advantage relative to their controversy insofar as they are able to lower their United States tax liability by shifting income to what is comm save referred to as tax haven parent.In a real sense, this factor that powerful US corporations are shifting income from affiliates in high-tax countries to affiliates (subsidiaries) in low-tax countries so that they can subject their overall tax burden. In 2002, the GAO revealed that 59 of the 100 biggest publicly-traded federal contractors were incarnate in a so-called tax haven country that each did not tax corporate income or taxed the income at a rate below the American rate. Cl beforehand(predicate), these countries have tax policies that attract American multinationals with the technical and human resources the y possess but they a same(p) siphon money out-of-door from the US treasury at the same time as they give contractors prohibitive advantages during the bidding process.One notable example of how contractors who exploit tax haven policies in other countries have excited the wrath of American legislators can be found by looking at the example of Accenture and its ugly fight only a hardly a(prenominal) years agone with Illinois law-makers. During 2004, at least four contracts awarded to Accenture were attacked by legislators because the comp some(prenominal) had taken bountiful advantage of a loophole in the Illinois tax code that permitted corporations to shift wage to overseas locations so as to avoid paying taxes in the state of Illinois.The matter escalated in no time at all to the point where the State Comptroller was actually asking the Illinois Procurement Policy be on about the feasibility of blocking all payments to four Accenture contracts adding up to more than $2 m illion. On an even larger scale, the US House Appropriations perpetration approved an amendment to the homeland security spending bill that legally bar Accenture from being a participant in the $10 one million million US Visitor and Immigrant Status Indicator Technology Program.One country that has an handsome tax policy (if you are a wealthy corporation) is Bermuda. The British island settlement has no corporate income tax and is tax-neutral in terms of how it treats holding companies. A holding company that is actually incorporated in the United States and which receives specie dividends from overseas affiliates/subsidiaries can see its gross dividends pass directly to shareholders.Because of its generous tax policies, Bermuda is now marketing itself as an e-commerce center that is perfect for international technology companies located all over the world. Not surprisingly, the Bermudan flak to attracting technology firms (and the jobs and expertise they offer) has been p icked up in countries wish Ireland that are dandy on targeting preferred firms.The benefits that accrue to tax haven states are sufficiently appealing that the countries employing this practice are extremely reluctant to part ways with it even if it curries the disfavour of the international community. Most of all, the provision of what are called offshore financial services has given these countries a measure of affluence they could not have achieved otherwise indeed, many small island economies (referred to nigh commonly as but SIEs) visual sense the emergence of an Offshore Financial Center (OFC) as a panacea for stinting disadvantage possibly because (though it is not stated explicitly in the articles this writer has encountered) the employment op mannerunities that become available within the financial sector of the SIE courtesy the arrival of multinationals looking for attractive tax and financial services are undeniable.Because examples give force and vigour to any a rgument, it is necessary to glance at the case study of Malta. Here, the tiny nation which does not have an over-abundance of natural or human resources by any means has become renowned for its status as a tax haven more significantly, it has parlayed its generous tax concessions to foreign investors and companies into a mooring wherein its financial services sector is burgeoning at a robust rate.Specifically, 12 portion of Maltas gross domestic product was to be found in the financial services sector in 2004 and the sector employed about 6,000 topical anesthetic residents. Another good example of a country that has rescued itself from a troubling financial situation by turning itself into a tax haven is the Isle of Man.Other research reiterates the idea that tax haven policies have a beneficial impact upon a countrys economic health. For example, whilst major tax havens have actually less than one percent of the worlds population (excluding the United States), and whilst they have (as of 2005) only about 2.3 percent of the globes gross domestic yield or gross domestic product, they nonetheless host 5.7 percent of the foreign employment and 8.4 percent of the equipment, plant and property of American companies.At the same time, the per capita real GDP in the tax haven nations grew by a healthy rate of 3.3 percent in the years 1982-1999 al around 2.5 times the world average. Furthermore, in spite of fears that the combination of small populations and relative affluence in these lands would effectuate the creation of even larger governments, the reality is that the ratio of government to GDP in these locations is fairly reasonable.Possibly prompted by the Bermudan example and by a few other states identified as high priorities, the OECD set about defining a tax haven in a seminal 1998 paper that continues to reverberate to this day. Most significantly, a tax haven country has a policy of not imposing taxes (or only nominal ones) offers itself or is viewe d as offering itself, as a place that permits non-residents to hunt taxation in their homeland (or nation of residence) does not have an effective exchange of instruction with outside parties lacks transparency and attracts businesses with no substantial activities these last two criteria, especially, will be touched upon at various points after in this paper.In the defence of these two states, each one does impose indirect taxes for instance, Bermuda has a fairly hefty payroll tax and likewise places taxes upon on all goods purchased on the island. Nonetheless, only the most ardent athlete would suggest that these two countries fail to rise to the level of tax-haven states.In terms of attracting foreign multinationals, tax haven policies are difficult to beat. However, critics charge that countries like Bermuda do not simply attract real economic investing but also brass plate or booking operations that are characterized by a lack of actual business performance in other wor ds, international organizations like the OECD become suspicious when they see companies locating to places like Bermuda (or even Ireland) which do not have a lot of business-related action taking place.For countries that are trying to attract jobs as well as foreign capital, it would seem as though having tax haven policies can be a bit of a double-edged sword in the sense that a) other countries are sharply vituperative towards their preferential taxation practices and b) these policies may not attract the jobs the aforementioned countries are hoping for. In fairness, tax haven policies in the United Arab Emirates (specifically, in the port city of Dubai) have attracted plentiful foreign investment on a scale that has (amongst other things) allowed the city to develop its communication and infrastructural capabilities while con latestly wooing upscale tourists.One other problem with tax haven policies that offer low or non-existent tax rates is that international organizations li ke the OECD have asserted that they undermine the tax base (presumably of the countries that are sightedness businesses flee elsewhere) and erode public services in fact, harmful tax competition has been compared to competitive devaluations and to tariff wars.To expand on this last point, the OECD (in 1998), released a study which argued that tax haven countries divert large amounts of foreign direct investment and taxable income away from OECD member states. The tension between the OECD and tax haven nations has long threatened those lands trying to give corporations and individuals advantageous tax rates as well as the benefits of greater privacy. However, there is some sense that this tension is dissipating as more and more tax haven states belatedly embrace international best standards of practice.Be that as it may, only the most wildly optimistic person would dare say that the current hostility between the OECD and small tax haven states is not sturdy the willingness of the above-named countries to cut multinationals slack in terms of what they pay in the form of corporate taxes has raised the ire of the OECD and the powerful western nations which lie in its membership to such(prenominal)(prenominal) an extent that real political and even diplomatical problems could still linger in the future.To get to the heart of the problem, the OECDs gustation for naming transgressors and then shaming them in the court of international opinion has been comprehend as bullying in some quarters certainly, the nations that are targeted or have been targeted by the OECD are small, politically and economically weak and burdened with limited economic prospects, save for the financial services and tax breaks they offer to foreigners.One can maintain that a lot of this tension would simply go away if the countries engaging in tax haven policies and practices would complete their current practices but that ignores the reality that these countries need the financial be nefits that accrue from such activities moreover, it is worth asking what the financial implications will be for multinationals and for the communities in developing lands that benefit even if indirectly from their presence.Individual Americans who think that tax havens are the perfect thing for them should give the idea a bit more thought tax haven nations may be enticing in many respects, but US tax law makes it hard for individuals to bunkerness money somewhere else in the expectation they will not have to pay.For instance, US citizens are taxed on their world-wide income the tax breaks found in places like the Caribbean, Luxembourg, or the Caymans do not apply to individual US citizens fair corporations. Furthermore, an offshore compact aimed at mitigating the tax burden will not work for US citizens the rules simply assume that the private citizen earned so much money each year and do not view any profit from the partnership as being a simplex long-term capital gain as s uch, interest is added onto the taxes that the private US citizen must pay the government. As if that is not bad enough, the capital gains arising from the partnership is taxed as regular income and not as capital gain which means higher tax rates in the end.Beyond what has been discussed above, individuals and companies using tax havens to avoid paying taxes may not simply be doing this word form of thing to spare themselves at tax time money launderers like tax haven countries like the Bahamas because of the fact they disclose little information about the companies or individuals doing business within their environs additionally, money launderers tend to exploit tax havens to the fullest extent possible.For all intents and purposes, tax haven policies truly make life easier (though not trouble-free) for criminals eager to avoid the prying eyeball of government. As an addendum, it must be mentioned that the United States government has recently taken action to reduce the pay-of f for wealthy individuals eager to exploit tax shelters. rest with America for just a while longer, the matter of off-shore tax havens has become so important to the United States government that exhaustive legislative hearings on this very matter have become de rigueur in recent years. thus far another challenge posed by tax havens is that they are so difficult to tackle from a legal point of view something that distinctly favours criminals at the same time as it grossly disadvantages law enforcement. To elaborate, at least one noted scholar has commented that it is well-nigh impossible to rise a universal definition of a tax haven that can be used to effectively combat the fiscal abuses associated with this global phenomenon.Until such time as the international community comes to a universal instinct of the concept of a tax haven, criminals can feel reasonably infrangible that there will be at least a few places on earth willing to embrace them and their tawdry business pursu its. disdain the conceptual challenges posed, the United States as much as any nation has decided that it has had quite enough of the tax evasion and money-laundering activities characteristic of tax haven nations with their generous tax avoidance policies. Recent court decisions in the US have expanded the power of US states to tax the income of corporations that do not have a natural lexus with the state.In essence, the courts have taken the position that an out-of-state corporations so-called in-state economic presence renders the absence of a bodily presence (headquarters or office buildings or any kind of physical structure at all) entirely irrelevant as to determining the states capacity to pursue that corporation for money.Another problem that tax haven policies bring is that they give the wealthy one more means by which they can avoid paying their full weight in taxes. In essence, tax havens offer tax avoidance options to companies and to wealthy individuals as a result , the tax burden ultimately ends up being borne (more and more) by the middle class and by those with fewer financial resources.Suffice it to say, as the rich grow richer while the poor grow poorer (courtesy onerous tax burdens), the ability of the poor to invest in education plummets. Over time, this can lead to a general decline in productivity a decline causing great harm to the country that is unable to carry the rich from exploiting one tax avoidance scheme after another.The baleful consequences of tax havens upon nations that are seeing the flight of capital resources to far-off places reaches beyond just imposing a greater burden upon those ill-equipped to articulatio humeri that burden tax havens also imperil social services that are already under attack in an age of neo-liberalism. For example, in early 2005, it was reported that Canadas top 5 banks shifted about $10 billion to offshore tax havens in the period from 1991 to 2004.According to the academic who headed up th e study, the utilization of offshore tax havens and shelters is tantamount to engaging in economic terrorism insofar as the monies lost make it difficult (with the potence to be impossible) for the government to finance social programs that need public funds to survive.Despite the protestations of the banks in question that their foreign-based subsidiaries located in tax-haven lands such as Malta, Barbados and the Cayman Islands are simply a means of taking advantage of the competitive tax policies located overseas, the report stresses the aforementioned dollar date and the fact that the total number of subsidiaries for the big five stood at 73 as of the end of 2004.Nor is the problem of tax avoidance confined just to wealthy western nations that are finding it increasingly difficult to provide appropriate social programs in an era when their populations are aging at an alarming rate in countries that feature (or have featured in the past) tax haven policies, the government is ofte n unable to collect all the taxes it would like to service all the social programs it would like.For instance, whilst Chile has long been the most attractive country in the world when it comes to mining and direct investment in this field, the worlds leading copper producer also does not charge a royalty on the extraction of its most precious natural resource and its taxes are incredibly low and sometimes non-existent because of legal accounting loopholes that allow for generous write-offs for things like equipment.Tax haven policies appear to offer many positives and more than a few negatives something this paper has noted time and again. While it can be argued a number of different ways, one would be remiss not to point out that private equity firms (or maybe any firm) doing business in a country in the midst of a financial downturn can and certainly have used offshore tax havens to shelter the cabbage on their investments American equity firms, as a matter of fact, did preci sely this during the late 1990s to protect their investments in Korean financial institutions. given(p) what has been described in the last paragraph, it is tempting to say that companies which move their operations abroad to escape paying taxes at home benefit handsomely from the transfer after all, why leave the technologically-advanced, human resource-rich and affluent west for a small or developing peripheral economy unless (amongst a few other reasons) the organizations senior thinkers were intent upon saving as many dollars as possible from the taxman? Unfortunately, the expected tax savings do not automatically exceed the non-tax costs associated with the above-mentioned move if anything, the decision to set up new subsidiaries (or to pick up stakes and move elsewhere) has manifested negative repercussions in the form of hidden and unheralded costs that negatively impact firm valuation.Proceeding along, it is commonly perceive maybe less so than in the past that tax haven nations are predominantly nations that are less developed than those countries found in the west the truth, though, is rather more different. Difficult as it may seem, even affluent western nations can properly be described as tax havens the United Kingdom being the best example. In capital of the United Kingdom in particular, the favourable tax laws are such that many Russian elites who, in some instances, have reputations that warrant a bit of prettify have injected vast sums of capital into the local economy.At the same time, capital of the United Kingdom (and the United Kingdom in general) is not alone Switzerland has also attracted trade of Russian capital and it seems as though the two are trustworthy for the staggering flight of roughly $102 billion from Russia between 1998 and 2004. Again, the money that flows out of Russia now is the kind of money that could be directed towards such things as social programs and the like.

The Important Pursuit Of Marine Conservation Environmental Sciences Essay

The Important Pursuit Of maritime preservation Environmental Sciences EssayOceans and seas c everywhere 70% of the worlds surface and be of searing importance economically, surroundally and favorablely. As an is knock down nation, the UK coasts just about 7500 miles of coast line and a wealth of naval biodiversity. The marine environment around England is extremely well-heeled and diverse. England has some of the finest marine wildlife in Europe. Englands seas contain amazing down the stairswater landscapes andover 10,000 species, including many of national and European importance. For example, England has more at a lower placewater chalk reefs than anywhere else in Europe. We get down some surprising species such as sea fans, solitary corals, sea horses, sharks and dolphins as well as many types of seek and invertebrates.The seas around England contain an fundamental character reference of our wildlife. Some 50% of the change of our species is found in the sea, in an bea that is three times the land atomic number 18a.The geology of the seabed around England is rich and varied, ranging from rocky granite reefs to mobile sandbanks. It is this variety of seabed type, coupled with the influence of colder Arctic and warmer Mediterranean waters around our shores, those results in the diverse range of marine species and habitats in our seas.In this regurgitate will focus on looking intoHow climate change have-to doe with the potential work for fisheries re book of factss, and how it will affect in the futurecompared to prehistorical and present scenarios, in the absence of utilizationwill estimate the added indebtedness of these effects on national and regional economies in marine-dependent areas and on circumstantial elements of marine system at divergent scalesFuture vulnerabilities of national economies (and globally) to prepare the consequences of predicted marine scenarios, including affection of marine policies on all economic, envir onmental and social plat work onsRationaleTask 1 Explain why the topic you have chosen is frequently on the semipolitical agenda, stating why the issue is so controversial.The environment, as general topic, has been on the political agenda since the late 1960s. A human temperament relationship connects to extraordinary diverse set of issues cover by environmental politics, which include marine conservation. The emergence of conservation and nature protection groups in the latter part of the nineteenth and the early ordinal countries, was the first signal of concern about environmental issues on political agenda, reflecting growing interest in the protection of wild life and cancel resources.The marine environment is increasingly high up the constitution and political agenda now and rightly so. The marine environment is so important on a political agenda beca call it is critical important part of our economic, environmental and social existence. It providesa widevariety of goods and operate.Our seas supply us with many goods and services includingClimate regulation.Our oceans regulate our climate by redistributing let fire around the world. Evaporation from the oceans forms the moisture that results in rain on land. The plankton in their upper or so layers helps stimulate cloud formation due to the chemicals they naturally emit. This plays a crucial role in temperature regulation of our planet.Food sources.The oceans provide nutrient for hundreds of trillions of people worldwide.Storing carbon.Oceans act as the largest store of carbon on the planet, draught carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and trapping it.Energy.We obtain oil and gas from under the sea bed. Offshore wind farms as well as provide a source of renewable energy, and waves and tides provide a further potential resource.Building materials.We use marine aggregates such as sand and gravels as building materials.Transport.The marine environment also links us to the rest of the world. In 20 07 24.8 million passengers took international journeys by ship and UK ports handled 582 million tonnes (Mt) of freight traffic.Recreation.Our seas and coasts provide a place for a wide variety of leisure activities from sailing and aqualung diving to swimming and surfing. In 2007, we took over 20 million trips to the seaside in England.Because our seas are wide supplier in many different ways its important to take care of such a source. Thats why is so hot topic on political agenda to proceed it, as it isnt in the best its form at the moment and continues to interject under pressure from man, as we increasingly make use of its goods and services it provides. (http//www.naturalengland.org.uk/ourwork/marine/default.aspx)Task 2 Examine selective aspects of UK Governments Environmental policy from 1970, and state how environmental policy impacts on say housing or transportation.Englands marine environment is not as well understood or protected as the terrestrial environment. It requi res particular attention and focus to rebel the evidence, protection, sustainable use, understanding and appreciation of our seascapes and marine biodiversity.Englands seas are protected and managed in a number of waysLegislation and policyThe marine environment is protected through with(predicate) a variety of national and international legislation and policies. Divided in two levels European and national. berth protectionSite protection is afforded though a number of designations. Together these will form a network ofshipboard soldier Protected areasSpecial Areas of Conservation(SACs) under the Habitats Directive,Special Protection Areasfor birds (under the Birds Directive),SSSIswhich occasionally cover sub-tidal areas and in futureshipboard soldier Conservation Zonesunder the Marine Bill.Management of activitiesActivities in the marine environment are regulated by a licensing regime and within European marine sites by the Habitats Regulations. inbred England advises develope rs and regulators on the environmental impact of activities. TheMarine and Coastal Access Billwill include pro views for establishing a system of marine planning, a newMarine Protected Areadesignation, and fisheries management, marine licensing and establishing a new marine management organisation.England Biodiversity StrategyNatural England leads on the marine workstream of the England Biodiversity Strategy, which is responsible for ensuring delivering the marineBiodiversity Action Plans.Through Marine Programme, DEFRA is working to improve the state of the UKs marine environment and fisheries and achieve our vision for clean, healthy, safe, productive and biologically diverse oceans and seas.The UK has an important sea fish industry with one of the largest fishing fleets and fish processing industries in Europe. Freshwater fisheries is also a major leisure industry in our rural areas. In the UK, Defra is the lead department for fisheries and plays a major role in EU and internati onal negotiations, as well as in managing and implementing fisheries policy.Fish stocks are national and international resources that have to be husbanded sustainably. If we lose them from over-fishing, they may take many years to regenerate. We also have to protect all marine species from sea pollution which could wreck their ecology.Figure 5 Flow map of capture (wild) and farmed fisheries products from aquatic primary production. Numbers refer to 1997 data and are in megatons (million metric tons) of fish. heavyseter lines refer to direct flows of aquatic primary production through capture fisheries and aquaculture to humans. Thin lines refer to indirect and minor flows. release lines indicate ban feedbacks on the aquatic production base. (Modified from Naylor et al. 2000)Figure bionomic links between intensive fish and shrimp aquaculture and capture fisheries. Thick blue lines refer to main flows from aquatic production base through fisheries and aquaculture to human consum ption of seafood. Thin blue lines refer to other inputs involve for production (e.g., agro feed, fish meal, seed stock, etc.). Hatched red lines indicate negative feedbacks. (Modified from Naylor et al. 2000)This approach removes doubts as to what exploitation regulations will be put into hold in coming decades, and focuses on the added impacts that climate change is likely to cause, and on the subsequent additional risks and vulnerabilities to human societies.Legislation restricts fishermen in what and where they can fish. The most significant legislation with respect to fisheries s the European Union habitual Fisheries Policy (CFP) but legislation on fisheries matters comes from three sourcesThe EUThe segment for Environment , Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA), or Scottish administrator (SEERAD) in Scotland sea Fisheries Committees for local legislation in England and WalesThere are around 280 ports, harbours and creeks around the UK where fish is landed, the major fishing ports in the UK in terms of value of fish landed arePeterhead chiefly haddock, cod, monkfish, mackerel, nephrops, herringLochinver blue ling, ling, nepheropsFraserburgh haddock, herring, mackerel, nephrops.Sources Statistics of fish landings into ports in England, Wales and Northern Ireland by port 2001, Defra website.UK Seafood exertion Annual Statistics 2001, Sea fish.Scottish Fishery Harbour Background Study, Sea fish Policy and Economic Unit.

A bibliography of John Lennon

A bibliography of flush toilet LennonEncomium about John LennonIntroduction some(prenominal) of us disagree with moves taken by governments on specific semipolitical issues and thitherof choose to air our opinion as constitution permits. single of the major wars listed in history is the Vietnam War of the sixties and seventies that recounts in the history of United States of America. Most Americans were strongly against U.S. involvement in Vietnam War. John Lennon, unrivalled of the famous artists in America has ever wrote, produced and performed a var. Give mollification a Chance to denounce this war (Marie 1). This is adept of his major influences as a practice of medicineian that reflected his views on war in general. This was one of the political influences of unison during that prison term. He was outspoken and never diffident of his opinions. His famous song guess where he sings I hope someday youll join us, and the world impart live as one has up to date been his best worldly known song. The song is also an transnational anthem of two-eyed violet. This proposal entrust show that John Lennon was such a great musician due to his outstanding imagery and involvement in social activism.BodyJohn Lennon was born in 1940 in Liverpool, England. He was born and brought up in a operateing class family thus giving him an exposure to current music. This research will show that he was a character who got fascinated by musical theater styles art objectage battery-acid Presley. He managed to enter in a duet group that enabled him to work with Paul McCartney. He was the founder of the famous group the Beatles. His desire for music and profound artistry is seen after Beatles broke up in 1970. He proved how talented he was by producing duet albums with Yoko, his wife and otherwise solo performances. He was a musician who presents eras of both history and music mainly because of his involvement with Beatles, his beliefs and attitudes. He managed to pro duce music that today helps us personify the 1960s and 1970s typical characteristics (Associatedcontent.com 1). As many would comment, they worry music that has a message. John Lennon would always speak about ein truththing that was in his mind by music. This will represent the typical feature of stoners, peace-lovers and flower people of that condemnation (1970s). He was a shameless musician of whatever he felt. This is the prime reason why he is admired even today. through with(predicate) expressing his opinions, he showed just how important these opinions were to him and this was to tell others that they could do the same. His opinions were expressed through actions, interviews and music. Apart from his song Give Peace a Chance he also decided to fight for peace when he lay in bed naked together with his wife for a month (Arkawy 1). The Beatles is one of the worlds greatest bands. Its through their work that the world changed its view on lyrics and musical styles. All these achievements are credited to John Lennon. He not to a greater extentover founded the band but also co-wrote and wrote just about of its lyrics. He spearheaded major media relations as he was outspoken on his opinions and beliefs. At one time, there was a nationwide burning of their albums due to Lennons offensiveness in an interview. He however managed to keep the group together and strong by makeup more songs. This shows how persevering he was. His 1970s lyrics up to date unperturbed inspires and influences. One such remarkable song was Imagine that he apply in expressing his vision of peace, hope and a poverty free world. The 1970 formative Ono band was a solo album that had songs that were so emotionally raw. This was the time when he built a sonic environment that had bass, occasional piano, guitar and drums. Imagine was a 1971 album that again shows how plainspoken he was but had more additions of textural elements like strings in order to create sense of stunner in his music. The title cart track in this album has ensured its historical importance. Since then, this track has provided inspiration and solace in moments of humanitarian and social crisis. This paper will show that one of the major contributions in rock and roll in the 70s actually came from Lennon. Through his work and partnership with Paul McCartney, he presented himself as a singer, an instrumentalist and a political activist. He was a man with a knack for introspection and a cynical edge. It is important to take over tribute to such artists like John Lennon and others who had to voice their political concerns through music (Ringo 1). Buffalo Springfield, Creedence Clearwater Revival and Bob Dylan are others who were like him. From time to time they would express their views through music so that they are perceive by the public. Perhaps it is because of John and other artists that wars like the Vietnam War came to an end. proofLennon was a musician whose works warrants more rese arch as he demonstrated how strong he was as a musician. He will be remembered as one of the best activists, husband, musician, a father and most of all a source of inspiration. This is a man who spent the very last years in his life devoting it to spreading of love and peace to the youth. Through his music, he changed the world. He forced the whole world to head teacher war and thus work towards a world of peace. Somebody like Martin Luther King Jr. is remembered for his contributions in the civil rights movement. John Lennon also left wing a significant impact in music as for sure, he is one of the rock stars. His songwriting partnership is one of the most successful in the 20th century. In rock and roll history, we cant mention usual music in this genre without tracks of John Winston Ono Lennon.Works citedArkawy, Amy. Still Imagining Peace John Lennons Legacy, 2009. Retrieved from http//newsjunkiepost.com/2009/12/08/still-imagining-peace-john-lennons-legacy/Associatedcontent.c om. John Lennons Influence on Rock and Roll, 2008. Retrieved from http//www.associatedcontent.com/ name/1125638/john_lennons_influence_on_rock_and_pg2.html?cat=33Marie. Political influence on music in the 60s and 70s, 2008. Retrieved from http//mariepoetryofsong.blogspot.com/2008/10/song-analysis-of-give-peace-chance.htmlRingo, Sofia. Make October 9 National John Lennon Day 2008. Retrieved from http//www.thepetitionsite.com/takeaction/213565590

Joint Illnesses and Diseases: Causes and Treatments

Joint Illnesses and Diseases Causes and TreatmentsHerniated DiscHerniated (slipped) disc happens when all or plainly a portion of an intervertebral disc is forced through the adynamic character reference of the disc thus exerting pressure to the adjacent inwardnesss or spinal cord. Intrinsic degeneration of the intervertebral disc or surfaceside compression of the neural structures in the spinal quarteral can app argonnt movement radicular pain. The loss of disc height, which can alter the mechanics of the axile skeleton, sinlessnessthorn result to disc degeneration. The said budges might produce in new(prenominal)(a) structures such as the zygapophyseal (facet) joints and may result to spinal stenosis. Radicular pain is define as pain radiating in the distri merelyion of spinal pump ca apply by the irritation of the dorsal nucleotide ganglion season discogenic pain is an axial pain originating in a degenerative disc. 39 40 41 45Considered to be a critical part of the load-bearing structures of the spinal column, the structural component of the invertebral disc sack up it capable of changing influence and absorbing shock thus allowe movement. The dysfunction of the intervertebral disc is brought more or less by multiple computes videlicet trauma, senescent or the degenerative disorders of the spine. 46 The boundary betwixt nucleus and annulus manufacture less evident as a person ages, win more as a person grow older the nucleus of the intervertebral disc becomes less gel-like and more fibrotic. Trauma results from activities such as slipping, lifiting while in a flexed position, suppressing a sneeze or falling on the buttocks. retrogression like in degenerative joint complaint or ankylosing spondylitis predisposes the misalignment of the vertebral column of the client. 46A research on the mechanics of intervertebral disc pointed forth several(prenominal) pathophysiologic processes. It includes the removes that emit in aging, l oss of proteoglycan which is mentioned as the to the highest degree significant biochemical change that occurs in disc degeneration. It is inferred that the loss of proteoglycan leads to loss of hydration. Another mechanism is the loss of collagen fiber. Unlike with the proteoglycan, the loss of collagen is not that evident. Furthermore, it is deduced that the biochemistry of disc degeneration do not skillful include subjoin fragmentation of collagen and proteoglycans but as well it includes the increase fragmentation of fibronectin populations. The said mechanisms contribute to the functional changes of the intervertebral disc. 6The cervical and lumbar portion of the vertebrae is habitually tincted by the dysfunction because it is the near flexible atomic number 18as of the spine where bending of the vertebral column and support of the survey argon greatest. Around 90 to 95% of herniations in the lumbar vertebrae occur in L5 or L% to S1 regions take noteively. With adhe sions to the herniation at the cervical spine, the around often meters affected portion is C1 to C7 and C6 to C6. The protrusion usually happens posteriorly toward the intervertebral respite where the annulus fibrosus is thin and poorly supported by the anterior or posterior ligaments.Pain is the first and the close usual symp turkey cock of herniated disc. The nerve pedigrees namely L4, L5, S1, S2 and S3 give rise to c all over song pain that radiates slash back of the leg and over the sole of the foot. Major weakness is noble-minded but slight weakness may occur. Also the most common sensory deficits are paresthesia and numbness, specifically of the leg and foot. There are instances too that knee and ankle reflex may also be absent or rock-bottom. 46 degenerative arthritisOsteoarthritis is a distemper in the joints that usually affects middle-age to elderly people. The disease is commonly referred as OA or as the wear and hitch of the joints although it also involves the cartilage, joint lining, ligaments, and bead. Osteoarthritis is undoubtedly the most usual type of arthritis. 47 Almost 27 million Americans are alert with osteoarthritis and almost 1 million people consults medical passkey because osteoarthritis. 47 Perhaps, it is the most cause of disability and pain among elderly people. 48 49 Among the risk factor in the development of osteoarthritis are old age and corpulency, in fact in the linked States it is think that by the year 2020, the preponderance of osteoarthritis is already 66 to 100%. 49 Epidemiologic data shows that age, sexual practice and race interact in the development of osteoarthritis. Men is said to be affected at a littleer age compare to women tranquillize the prevalence of women affected with osteoarthritis exceeded men by middle age. 50 heredity influences the occurrence of osteoarthritis. There is a lower prevalence of hip osteoarthritis among Chinese than Europeans, perhaps representing the influence of other factors such as occupation, obesity or heredity. White women ordain most likely see wad osteoarthritis on the other hand knee osteoarthritis is more common on black women. 49 In addition, excess fat may fork over might sire a direct metabolic sum on cartilage beyond the effects of excess joint show hence weight loss reduces the risk of developing knee arthritis.The disease is defined as a breakd let of joint cartilage brought close to by mechanically skillful strees or biochemical alteration, resulting to the failure of the bone underneath. Osteoarthritis used to affect various joints in the body which includes hip, knee, first metatarsal pharyngeal joint and, cervical and lumbosacral spine. 47 48 With regard to hands, the base of the ovolo and, the proximal and distal interphalangeal joints are most commonly affected. Osteoarthritis is a joint failure wherein all structures of the joint vex undergone structural change which is pathological. 49As mentioned earlier , osteoarthritis is popularly known as wear-and-tear arhthritis. Osteoarthritis undergoes real(a) mechanical and composition change in the properties of cartilage. 48 The first structural change happens in the cartilage followed by the soft tissue. The progressive wear and tear of the cartage leads into thinning of the surface of the joint and bone ulceration. Later on, redness of the joint, increased in the blood flow and hypertrophy of subchondral bone forget occur. Consequently, new cartilage and bone will be formed at joint margins resulting to osteophytosis or bone spurs which cause alteration in the shape and sizing of the bone. The primary manifestation of osteoarthritis is a long-standing pain in one or more joints that aggravate with weight bearing or joint use. There is also a presence of morning inclementness usually for 30 minutes and bone deformity (osteophyte) or elaboration of the joint. In some character references in that respect are crepitation and effusion. 51SpondylolisthesisSpondylolisthesis is a bone condition wherein a vertebral body in the spine slips out of the proper position onto the bone below it. It can be associated with spondylosis, infection, lumbosacral junction congenital anomalies, osteoporosis, trauma, tumor, degenerative spine or prior surgery. It is most common to women than men. The slippage of the vertebral body may be asymptomatic or may cause low back pain, hamstring tightness, nerve rout injury which is more frequent in L5, or spinal stenosis. The centre of spondylolisthesis can be produced near the segment that has slipped forwards. There might be a protrusion of the abdomen and shortened trunk because of the extreme forward displacementum of L4 on L5. Surgery is usually recommended for patients who are not acquire through rest and physical therapy. 33In children spondylolisthesis usually happens between the L5 and S1. It is some dates because of a birth defect in the spine area or an acute injury in the po rtion of the spine. In adults, the most often cause behind the development of spondylolisthesis is the ab shape wearing off of the drum and cartilage such as in arthritis. Individuals playing sports such as gymnastics, football and weight lifting is at risk in developing the disease. 52Anteroposterior and askant plain radiographs of the lumbar spine should be obtained in patients complaining of back pain. The new-fangledral view of plain radiograph is useful in identifying spondylolithesis for it can demonstrate the pars interarticularis. Pars interarticularis is the region of junction of the lamina and the pedicle. Incases wherein there is an absence of nerve involvement, computed imaging (CT) scanning of the lumbar spine provides necessary information with regards to spondylolithesis and its possible cause. CT myelography can give information regarding nerve impingement to patients with radiculopathy. Magnetic sonorousness Imaging is advantageous for it protects the patient from being exposed to radiation while imaging is being done. Typically sagittal and axial planes are used. 52FibromyalgiaFibromyalgia is a poorly understood type of myofascial pain syndrome. Patients with fibromyalgia usually have exacting muscle pain and tenderness having specific trigger points, easy fatigability and disturbances in sleep. People with fibromyalgia have tender points such as on neck, shoulders, hips, arms, legs and back. These areas ache if pressure is exerted to them. In the fall in States, fibromyalgia has a prevalence rate of 3 to 5 % in females and 0.5 to 1.6% in males. Fibromyalgia is the second most common disease that experts in rheumatology encounter with 15% among those who are evaluated. It is also as authoritativeed that around 8% of patients cared in primary care clinics have fibromyalgia. In 2005, the United State spend 10, 199 dollars per patient per year and it has been also estimated that overall, fibromyalgia costs the United State economy over 9 billion dollars every year. 53 With respect to gender, epidemiologic data reveals that fibromyalgia is more common to women than in men with a female-to-male ratio of around 91. Furthermore, it can occur to patients at either age of either sex. It can occur to pediatric patients, especially the adolescents. 54The contemporary understanding about fibromyalgia is that it is a disorder of central pain bear upon or a syndrome of central sensitivity. It is described as a chore with pain threshold. Researchers suggests that patients with fibromyalgia have a lower threshold to pain and other stimuli namely noise, heat and strong odor. It is also call backd that neurobiologic changes causes hypersensitivity of patients. These neurobiologic changes are related to mental factors in that this change affects the persons perception to pain, expectancy or vigilance.Disturbed sleep has been linked to the pathogenesis of fibromyalgia. Studies have ascertained that awakening unfreshed or non restorative sleep has been observed in most of the patients with fibromyalgia. Sleep electroencephalographic studies have shown disruption of normal stage 4 of sleep (non-rapid eye movement). departure in stage 4 sleep has a role in causing fibromyalgia as supported by the observation that symptoms of fibromyalgia developed to normal individuals with disrupted sleep in stage 4. Decreased serotonin metabolites are seen in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with fibromyalgia. Since serotonin is known to be a neurotransmitter that regulates NREM sleep and pain, it is believed that it might also be involved in the pathogenesis of fibromyalgia. Autonomic dysfunction is also suspected to be involved in the development of fibromyalgia. Individuals with the said disorder were observed to have low levels of cortisol. base level of urinary free cortisol decreased response to corticotrophin-releasing endocrine suggest abnormal hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. There is also low level of step-up hormones. Growth hormone is released during stage 4 or NREM sleep. many a(prenominal) patients have accompanying psychological abnormalities. Almost 30% of patients fit the diagnostic criteria of anxiety, depression, somatization and hypochodriasis. There is also high prevalence of physical and sexual abuse, and alimentation disorder. 55The goal of treatment for patient with fibromyalgia is to relieve pain and other symptoms, and to friend a person cope with the said symptoms. It includes physical therapy, stress fireman methods, exercise and fitness program, antidepressants, muscle relaxants and cognitive behavioral therapy.The Haunting Of hammock House AnalysisThe Haunting Of Hill House AnalysisEleanor life-time is fictitious characterized by numerous challenges that happen because of her produce. She has a difficult responsibility of victorious care of her ailing mother without any help from the club dwelling. She leads a inappropriate life blending with pe ople that sees her outcast in the community as she has grown with the attitude that people hate them because they do not mess up with them.She later learns that her mother defied the society norms, and that is the reason that the society abandoned her. Others believe that perhaps that is the reason that she is ailing. stock-still though, Eleanor is aware of the existence of the well-disposed norms, she neer knew t inheritor significance because she was never into them. After she drives into the Hill House, at first, she is not certain about her identity in the society, and she thinks that in the Hill abide, she might experience some difference.She enters the house and her life changes, she starts seeing things in a altogether different way and after contemplating on her relationship with the society, and she has no option, but to become a witch. Her death is mysterious as other character restores their lives back. It is true that many critics and readers believe that, in the end, Hill House consumes Eleanor and she volitionally allows this to happen.Hill House consumes EleanorEleanor mothers poor health deprived Eleanor more than just her precious moment. The important reason that Eleanor rides forth to the house is an example that happened when she was young that certainly integrated some kind of supernatural manifestations. Despite of the circumstance, Eleanor tells Dr. Montague subsequently in the story that she cannot substantiately recall her mother claimed that the neighbors never apprehended them, and that was the reason that she would never mix with them (capital of Mississippi 73).The reader learns that, Eleanor and her sister had supposed at the time that the other was responsible for the supernatural incident (Jackson 7). This incident although, Dr. Montague reassures Eleanor that the even outt is long forgotten, means the incident must have had a prejudicial impact on Eleanors family and, certainly did not affect Eleanors personalit y (Jackson 74). She is still uncertain whether she will ever be accepted in the society after her mother defying the social norms. It is difficult to face the reality in order to fight the stigma from the society.However, that is the only way out if she has to break through in the society. From the start, Eleanor grew up with a mother who was against the societys norms. Perhaps the ailing mother suffered out of her ignorance to the societal norms, and Eleanor suffers because of her mother. The journey to the Hill House is move that Eleanor fails tom resist.At one point, he thinks it is the right call for her to make, considering her relationship with the society and at another point, he wrestles with that spirit that pushes her to accept the invitation into the house. It becomes almost impossible for her to make a decision. From the on lop of the book, Eleanor is in a dilemma. Even though, there are some characters in the Hill House that accepts to be part of the Hill house that d oes not mean that Eleanor should be inclusive.As inappropriate to Eleanor, the four characters have weird characters and perhaps that is the reason they feel well-fixed being part of the Hill House. For instance Luke, despite being an heir of the house, steals from his aunt. Theodora too, an artist by profession is a lesbian. Doctor Montague, although a scholar, has an sake in the occult. This shows that, even though it is difficult to accept these characters within the social culture, they are better off than Eleanor, who cannot face the society. To worsen the matter, Eleanor is homeless, and this secludes her from the rests of Jacksons characters. Theodora engages into a counterpoint in the Hill House, but she cannot return, she remains there.The house has already consumed her. In depicting a homestead slumpting far from the Hill House, Jackson reveals to the reader that Dr. Montague is a family man and in the later chapters, we see his wife cleaning dishes together with Mrs. Dudley in Hill House, and this shows a kind of familiarity. Similarly, Dudley and her family own a house in town (Jackson 39) which keeps them safe from the house during late night hours.Moreover, Luke Sanderson could say that he owned the house, but he never took care of it. Luke is an affluent man, and he could buy the house, but it is not clear why he does not have one. Instead of accepting her situation and predicaments in life, for instance, being homeless, Eleanor says that she has a home. She is aware of the social values, even though she has never been deep into them.Hill house is a strange house as depicted in the previous discussions. When Eleanor accepts to be consumed by the house, she turns out to be an outsider. The House consumes Eleanor, and it blends both her fear and attraction of the House. She is lured into mysterious place, and she becomes interstitial that her pas life when she enters the house. Eleanor fits neither with her friends, nor in the society, and sh e turns out to be outrageous. The society rejects her , she turns to be a fringe member, and she does not have an option, but to fit into the genuflect of a witch.The five characters in the house have their differences, but Eleanor believes that with time they will adopt tom each others behavior (Jackson 58). She anticipates that sooner they will be a friend, and Theodora, affectionately refers to her as a cousin. They lived in the house as one family and even shared meals together. However, some scholars look at this situation in a different perspective, for instance, Tricia Lootens, in Whose Hand I Was holding, says that the characters live together as one family.However, Lootens is not certain about the continuity of this group and she cites this as terror of Jacksons entire culture the brutal, black visionof nuclear families that kill what they are supposed to nurture (151). Even though, Lootens believes that the group has a hidden agenda of ruining each others life, I refute with her perception. The characters are in harmony with one another, and there is no sense or fear between them. Eleanor is the one who is undisputed and seems spurned and deserted. This is evidenced at the refreshful closes its chapters, whereby Theo, Luke, and Dr. Montague observe Eleanor and she distances herself from the Hill House. Jackson mentions about the death of Eleanor and the other characters going back to their normal lives.Novel dental Materials for ancestry-end Applications A ReviewNovel Dental Materials for Root-end Applications A Review nonfigurativeAchieving a nigh apical seal is crucial for ensuring successful endodontia especially in cases that involve a wide apex (e.g. fledgling apices, apical reabsorption, and fracture involving the tooth apex). An efficient get back-end tangible is an absolute requisite towards achieving this goal. The new-made years have witnessed a decent outflow of new products for root-end applications. However, their merits, an d claims of favourable position over MTA, have to be ascertained via sustained research.Keywords Apical seal, bioactive, MTA, novel root-end clobbers, review.IntroductionThe quest for an ideal material for root-end applications has produced a plethora of products that are based on different compositions and exhibit varied foundting answers. though many of them have been proven to be effective, none of them can be described as ideal yet, thus generating scope for further development.MTA as the gold standardSince its introduction by Torabinejad in 1993, MTA has been extensively canvas and used. Over the years, it has emerged as the time-tested and attested material. MTA is essentially Portland cement (Sio2, CaO, Al2O3, MgO, and Fe2O3), to which a radioopacifier (Bi2O3), and dehydrated(anhydrous) calcium sulphate have been added. MTA is biocompatible and osteogenic. It is bioactive i.e. MTA is capable of interacting with living tissues and allows deposition of apatite crystals in the MTA-tissue interface. This material is capable of inducting hard tissue formation.1 Apart from exhibiting excellent seal off properties, it also has the capacity to desexualise and also remain steady in the presence of moisture. Hence, a recent review has described it as hydraulic silicate cement.2However, this material is not devoid of disadvantages. Re-entering MTA-treated teeth is difficult. High hotity and alkalinity (beyond a pH of 8.4) can unfavorably influence the surface bad weather of set MTA. MTA is shown to expand uncontrollably.3 Grey MTA has been found to discolor tooth and the neighboring gingival tissues. Both grey and white MTA contain toxic substances and impurities. The material is evenhandedly difficult to manipulate owing to its sandy consistency though the sharp particle size of white MTA may aid in producing a thicker mix hence, better workability.4 MTA exhibits low washout opposite during sign set especially when a set accelerator is not incorpor ated into the MTA mixture. Its initial solubility is undesirable when used as a root-end filling material.5In lieu of MTAs potential drawbacks, the search for superior materials has resulted in the number of newer materials in the market the majority of which, bear resemblance to MTA with minor alterations in their composition.BioaggregateThis novel water-based, hydraulic cement, consists of tricalcium silicate as its primary component. Tantalum oxide imparts radioopacity hydroxyapatite and amorphous atomic number 14 oxide have been added to reduce the level of formation of the weak phase- calcium hydroxide.6 accolade is ensured via elimination of aluminum. Though the manufacturer states that trace amounts of naturally occurring contaminants may be detected during chemical analysis, the lack of detection of heavy metal defilement is noteworthy. The material is bioactive.7 Sayeed et al. suggested that Bioaggregate be considered as an alternative to MTA owing to the formers better sealing ability. The authors attributed the hermetic seal associated with bioaggregate to (1) Its nano-sized particles that exhibit excellent bond paper to the dentinal walls of the root canal, (2) Its hydrophilicity.The presence of a gel-like calcium silicate hydrate as the main component, resulted in improved strength, hardness, and sealing characteristics to the set material.8 Bioaggregate also exhibited excellent biocompatibility and generate periodontal regeneration.9BiodentinBiodentine, marketed by Septodont is available as a powder and silver formulation. Tricalcium silicate and dicalcium silicate form the core materials of the powder. artlessness of calcium silicate is enhanced by eliminating the contaminants namely aluminates. Calcium carbonate and calcium oxide, and zirconium oxide have been added as the makeweights and as the radioofacifier respectively. Liquid comprises of calcium chloride as the accelerator. Hydrosoluble polymer and water reducing agents are also pr esent. Biodentine can be used as a root kettle of fish material but is not indicated for root amputation and hemisection. The working time is over 1 minute and the shot time ranges between 9 and 12 minutes. The final hardness of Biodentine approximates that of the dentin, thus rendering retreatment difficult if not impossible. 10 On performing cytotoxicity assay and cell growth on set materials, human gingival fibroblasts responded similarly to Biodentine and MTA extracts.11EndoSequence Root Repair MaterialEndoSequence Root Repair Material (Brasseler USA) is based on bioceramic technology and is essentially peaceful of nanoparticles of tricalcium silicate, dicalcium silicate, calcium phosphate monobasic, amorphous silicon dioxide, and tantalum pentoxide.12 It differs from white MTA generally in that it is aluminium free and contains calcium phosphate monobasic and tantalum pentoxide (radioopacifier).13 It is marketed as a pre-mixed formulation in two different consistencies syri ngeable paste, and condensable putty. The former has impressionable tips to facilitate intra-canal material placement. 14 According to the manufacturer, the material exhibits superior manipulation properties owing to its pre-mixed formulations, short setting time (2 hours), and high resistance to washout. The material is radiopaque, hydrophilic, and highly alkaline (+12 pH), thus bactericidal. Its setting reaction is initiated by dentinal moisture. 15 Endo sequence is bioactive. 16 Hirschberg et al. compared the sealing ability of ERRM with MTA, and concluded that leakage was great in samples restored with ERRM when compared to that of MTA-restored samples.17In simulated root resorption defects, intracanal placement of white MTA resulted in greater and sustained release of hydroxyl radical ions, and thus a high pH when compared to EndoSequence. This, the authors attributed to the quicker set of ES as compared with MTA. But, few MTA samples exhibited discoloration, while none of t he ES samples did. This may be esthetically relevant.18Top of FormBottom of FormiRoot BP positivistThese bioceramic materials are generally composed of calcium silicate, and require the presence of moisture to set and harden. They also contain zirconium oxide, tantalum pentoxide, calcium phosphate monobasic, and filler agents They are available in three forms (1) iRoot BP plus putty root canal filling andrepair material- white hydraulic premixed puttyintended to be used for root canal repair and restorative applications, (2) iRoot BP Injectable Root Canal RepairFilling Material- white hydraulic premixed injectable paste intended to be used for root canal repair and restorative applications, and (3) iRoot SP Injectable Root Canal Sealer- injectable white hydraulic cement paste intended to be used for permanentroot canal filling and sealing applications. 19According to the manufacturer, these materials are insoluble, radiopaque, aluminum-free, experience excellent physical propert ies, and do not contract on setting.20 iRootBP Plus was biocompatible and did not elicit critical cytotoxic effect. However, its long-term performance was subordinate as compared to White MTA.21 Another study observed that both materials i.e. iRoot BP Plus and iRoot FS exhibited negligible cytotoxicity. Under simulated clinical conditions, iRoot FS was able to completely solidify within an hour, whereas iRoot BP Plus set only after seven days.22Ceramicrete certain at Argonne National laboratory, Ceramicrete is essentially a chemically bonded phosphate ceramic (CBPC), which was developed to function as a binder for waste management. The material was inducted into dentistry owing to its inherent strength, biocompatibility, and bioactivity. Radioopacity is achieved by incorporation of radio opacifiers (bismuth oxide, cerium oxide).Wagh and Primus found Ceramicrete to be a strong material exhibiting lower porosity and permeability overdue to the formation of potassium-magnesium phosp hate hexahydrate ceramic matrix phase. The decreased porosity also contributes to Ceramicretes superior sealing capacity.23 The use of an acid conditioner prior to application of ceramicrete may result in better adaption due to removal of smear layer, thus improving the seal. Incorporation of calcium silicate render resulted in the formation of a brushite phase, which improves mechanical properties.Though, initially, the material tends to be acidic, set Ceremicrete-D is alkaline (pH of 11 after 72 hours). However, the acidic pH (2.2) of a fresh mix may exacerbate the acidic condition of an already inflamed tissue. 24 The low pH may be the reason why ceramicrete D caused initial death of primary osteoblasts and failed to support further cell growth, since low pH is shown to inhibit osteoblast activity. 25The radioopacity of ceremicrete was substantially less (3.2mm of aluminium) than white MTA (8.5mm of aluminium). Handling properties and resistance to washout were superior. Accord ing to door guard et al, Ceremicrete-D retained a weak chalk like consistency even after seven days of setting. They suggested the original formula be limited to effect increase in the strength of the material.26CapasioCapasio (Primus Consulting, Bradenton, FL) is an experimental calcium-phospho-aluminosilicatebased cement that is mixed with a water based gel. Bismuth oxide has been added as a radiopacifier.27 When mixed, Capasio develops dough like consistency and can be rolled into a rope which enables better handling. Ceremicrete-D and Generex A also demonstrate this desirable property. Capasio displays good washout resistance, and improved physical characteristics such as setting time (9 minutes), compressive strength, and washout resistance.26 It exhibited slightly less basic pH (10.9) when compared with white MTA. 28 The radiopacity of Capasio was significantly less as compared to MTA but marginally greater than Ceremicrete-D.26 Capasio is also bioactive. It has the ability to precipitate apatite crystals on its surface.The smaller particle size of Capasio (a mean particle size of 5.3m as compared to 10m of MTA) may be perceived as an advantage. Materials that demonstrate the capability of keen dentinal tubules exhibit improved marginal adaptation, retention, and also entomb the residual bacteria. The material was shown to penetrate dentinal tubules up to a depth of 18-26 m much greater than that of MTA.29 Penetration of an endodontic material into the dentinal tubules results in improved marginal adaptation, increase mechanical retention, entombs residual bacteria and improved antibacterial effects owing to closer proximity of the material to the bacteria.30Quick-setCapasio (Primus Consulting, Bradenton, FL) has been further developed and has been renamed as Quick-Set (Primus Consulting). The last has been performed via removal of the cationic surfactant from the liquid gel component, which was thought to affect its biocompatibility. Using murine dent al papilla-derived odontoblast-like cell line (MDPC-23), Wei et al. observed that the in vitro cytotoxicity of Quick-Set was similar to that of WMTA.31 Ashraf et al. concluded that the in vitro osteogenic/dentinogenic differentiation potential of Quick-Set was favorable. 32Generex A and BGenerex A (Dentsply Tulsa Dental Specialities, Tulsa, Usa) and B are calcium-silicate-based materials with novel setting reactions. Generex A contains tricalcium silicate, dicalcium silicate, and tricalcium alumunate. Its composition is similar to that of MTA but for the fact that the powder is finer, and bizarre gels are used for mixing instead of water as is the case with MTA.25 Usage of the gel results in improved handling characteristics and reduced setting time.26Among the materials evaluated for their osteogenic potential (Generex A, Capasio, Ceramicrete, and MTA), only Generex A and MTA allowed primary osteoblast growth.25 In a study conducted by Porter et al, Generex A exhibited the shortes t setting time (1.25 hrs) as compared to Capasio and Ceramicrete, which set in 2.5 hours. Generex A also emerged as the strongest among the other materials tested. 26EndobinderEndobinder differs from MTA in that, MgO and CaO (cause undesirable expansion of the material), and Fe2O3 (causes tooth darkening) are eliminated from its composition. Al2O3 and CaCO3 are calcined at temperatures between 1315deg C and 1425d C, and are ground following which, Bismuth oxide is added to obtain radioopacity. Purity is ensured by eliminating traces of MgO, CaO, and Fe2O3.32, 33Endobinder assisted early differentiation of a higher osteoblastic cell population in comparison to MTA. this, the authors attributed to the lower calcium hydroxide release from endobinder when compared with MTA.34 While slightly higher concentration of extracellular calcium can stimulate osteoblast cell viability, proliferation, differentiation, and function, an overload can be cytotoxic. 35 According to Oliveira et al., End obinder exhibited better fluidity, improved handling properties, higher mechanical strength, and reduced porosity (with lower pore size) when compared with MTA.36 The material was biocompatible when tested in subcutaneous tissue of rats.37ConclusionThe past few years have witnessed the development of novel materials with a purpose of overcoming the disadvantages of MTA. Some are primarily composed of calcium silicate (Endobinder, Endosequence, Generex A and B, and iRoot BP Plus), some are primarily tricalciumsilicate-based (Bioaggregate, and Biodentine) or calcium-alumino-silicate based (Capasio and quickset), and one is a chemically bonded phosphate ceramic (Ceramicrete). The focalize behind developing these materials has mainly been- improved physical and biological properties over the present gold standard i.e. MTA. While some of these novel materials have exhibited improved characteristics, more research in the form of in vivo and in vitro studies are required in this direction , in order to ascertain the same. Also, newer materials with a composition differing from that of MTA, may bring a fresh approach with regard to this application.1