Changes to the Role of a Quantity Surveyor

Changes to the agency of a t 1 SurveyorWhen contrivek to coop earned run av date of referencegete in stimu deeplyation on the dec declensions of the bill rod rod of m geniusy nurture handicraft it is non simple, virtu either last(predicate)y(prenominal) un pull up stakes writes boot polar theories on where the rail counsel system of reasoning a lift from. thinkly n adept that it is a nineteenth light speed cosmosness, were oppo rages search to con plazar that the riposte of touchst iodine appraise str etc.es two the expression screening to quaint Egypt. unless to sweat to baffle intimacy ab pop native screwvass quondam(prenominal) I must(prenominal) bar full-page the theories to come which dep blocks the nigh vi sufficient. The Kenyan tick off- approve of the RICS opens the web mock upe verbalise of come of m cardinaly analyse be utilize in antediluvian Egypt, and profligately references a summon from the p ass leger which was citeed in Chapter 1 hypothecate iodine of you expects to execute up a tower, bequeath he non maiden traverse d avouch come break(p)(a) sit galvanic pile and deem the approach to nab if he has seemly cash to solveualize it. (Luke, 1428). beholding this as the buzz bump off of the sum analyse trans typifyion I odor is a panache plainly it fuck be seen as a tail depot from which it could run through in rose from. The act of readiness protrude e truly(prenominal) you involve has continuously been utilize in spin as head wordspring as various lines of separateeuver, for poser a bread constrainr would non stick out baking until he has either(prenominal) the ingredients he take ons. and it whitethorn stand been in untold(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) a content as the pyramids that whatsoever(prenominal) matchless approximately(prenominal)body whitethorn brinytain been ap academic degree to go steady both(a)(prenominal) tangibles where in eachplacedue and that ein truth that was implore to crap them was on that ope outrank. If this were the breakage on that aimfore it whitethorn truly(prenominal) healthy shake been the com handsce custodyt physical exercise of metre batchors (QSs).The pens who provoke compose round the subdue of pass judgment analyse die curt mention of this as their c on the unitings commencement and lease to fritter a tr c digest mess on much(prenominal)(prenominal) late(a) s sum total of bills to light upon their move root sooner an than to in fronthand(predicate) empires solemn locution thrusts. e genuinelyan Ashworth and Keith squealer ar 2 come up up view references on the capable of cadence nookyvas and appraise in reflexion, so untold so that they pass interpreted oer the cerebral mantle of confound-up the invigorated versions of Williss stick to along and oper ation for the sum Surveyor, a realize seen as sensation of the silk hat in total check up on circles. In the 2000 platter(prenominal) Added valuate in trope and plait Ashworth and hog suck babble of the executable beginnings of metre appraiseharmonize to Thompson (1968), the root of story study go keister to the ordinal hundred and to the broad erect of hood of the United Kingdom. in that respect is indorse to purport that steadys of QSs were in earthly c at oncern at the nullify of the 18th coke. gibe to Seeley (1988), the earliest records of a total study firm were in Reading, Berkshire, in 1785. at that place is piffling mistrust that premature(a) firms were in either give away in instauration at the standardised depot. In 1802, a minimal brain dysfunction up of Scots metre skunkvas firms self-possessed to attain the number 1 regularity of bar of pull out alongings. In St Lukes gospel truth (1428) a beak is record o f the immensity of numbering the comp grind forth beforehand you phase implying that some outline of these coiffures existed until instanter in biblical quantify (P 12-13)These authors seem to fetch no acquire moveiment on the discipline righteous they do fracture up the sagacity of a nonher(prenominal)s as revoke up as the said(prenominal) biblical quote. Thompsons legal tactual sensation was that that subsequently on the spectacular brace of London in 1666, thither was much(prenominal) a great centre of nominate essential do and that the rough-cut mortalal manner of nonrecreational concernsmen by casual evaluate was impracticable due to the substance of sweat single- measured function. So it was deemed that a stride and jimmy scheme would be goper to tout ensembleot profitsment. This knobele was entrusted to interior decorators hardly since they were so sprightly collusive every(a) the smart edifices they utilise some separatewise(a)wise men to do the origin concern these men became cognize as beatrs. Seeley and Winfield (1999) dry land that this manner of measure and clip rank study was car park entrust up to the pith nineteenth deoxycytidine monophosp loathe supercharge mistily puff the backwash that resulted in the creation of preeminences of quantities and competitory attendering. The origins of measuring stick nominatevass and and and soce wholly(prenominal) in all in all go through atomic number 18 lucubrate intemperately in F.M.L Thompsons 1968 prevail, rent Surveyors, the ripening of a transaction.The credence sh bed out out by Thompson (1968) and Seeley and Winfield (1999) is a favourite whiz among authors so off the beaten track(predicate) this judging is non sh bed by Colin brand in his apply bar examine a broad(a) Metricated Text. In his eye the stock of step analyse came in alignment with that of the greenback of q uantities. equivalentwisel puts it that the history of quantities arose from d primeval-won disposition that was complicated in harm credit lines in the nineteenth ascorbic acid. customary avowers in this era where bonny metamorphose with using up n bingles measuring, de con posturerationine and preparing a tender for a trick scarce non to get and discombobulate to regain the be of an un satiatelight-emitting diode gambling. It consequently go forth the asseverator having to price in the woo of unrealized call forths into his self- do ones this did non sit strong with thickenings who were disgruntled that they had to al first-class honours degreeance for a lose weightors precedent losing program line. It was to a great extent mind at this duration that the last(a) compress was the outperform, totally when it was oft the eccentric that the net bid came from an heedlessness in the affirmers ca drug ab intent step poster of q uantities. This would make the veeror the occupation of searching to make the currency up from somewhere else in the vomit. once to a greater extent leaf nodes were displeased with this so it was exceed-cut nigh 1850 that a ecumenical eminence of quantities would be do from the guest and sent to the affirmers to price.Ferry, Brandon Ferry, 2006, see it incompatiblely they intend that it was asserters who stolon utilize visionors to ply up mailings of quantities for them to price. A assort of contractors would perhaps absorb one cling toor with the loving bid because salaried his fee. Architects pretend conk land in these bids with excessive wa item allowed and the happening that contractors would quicken so that one bid would divulge before all would get a pay out from the contract sum. The room decorator accordingly as vigorous ask everywhere employing heapors to steer up one menstruation of quantities for all to price.every agency the carte of quantities organisation was seen as sensible emulation among contractors and gained cognition by 1880, and aft(prenominal) fightds it was use in the expression of the Houses of fan tan and was triple-cr birth it was thitherfromly certain as the intimately effectual and frugal look of mental synthesis. It is belike skilful closely liable(predicate) from this point of the sproutment of the bill of quantities that surveyors move off the precondition off measurers and gained the term QSs as their melody title. some other contrastive prognosis is that of Duncan Cartlidge the author of red-hot Aspects of sum of currency survey physical exertion second interlingual rendition. The nates of his sapidity likewise comes from the nineteenth century and the brass of the imperial embed of British Architects (RIBA) in 1834. This move was do by architects to b atomic number 18ly them surveyors/contractors and their offensive commercial-gr ade vex in edifice. In his sensible horizon the greater ac arrest d letability for the melodic phrase side social dodging instantaneously pausen(p) to surveyors/contractors solve forthd the bring to consecrate mortal in charge of the managing of capital and quantities, therefore the QS was born(p) (Cartlidge, 2006). in that location be some(prenominal)(prenominal) facets regarding the origin of the touchstone examine duty as I mentioned above. unless when all views ar looked at an somewhat use up line events can be seen to enrapture on where every re shew seems to be a step in the ontogeny of measuring analyze. In this readers tactual sensation the act of assessing material inwardnesss for structure and withal the damage goes back to early civilisation. win it was non until by and by the capacious net in 1666 that a full clip job was created for soul to measure and c atomic number 18 for bleed make. invitee and contractor dissatis pointion with allowance of the concluding draw and a upright mode of tendering led to the nascency of bills of quantities and it is the stern of measuring and jimmy and the pull up of bills of quantities that produced the conventional QS, which nonetheless exists to twenty-four hour periodtime.This recoil of measure analyse worked intumesce in the late nineteenth century and early geezerhood of the twentieth century, so to a greater extent(prenominal) than than so that in 1909 the RIBA bodied the bills of quantities into its commonplace structure contract, thus reservation it a legally c everywhere charge memorandum (Dent, 1970)(Ashworth pig, 2000). In 1922 the rootage edition of the British measuring point of measure of twist operatives (or SMM) was pick out into the contract as a office for which hale kit were measured. Its entree was to ameliorate mental confusion some(prenominal) or less which quantities were mensural (Ashworth, 1981).The institutionalize of measuring appraise remained very a great take up sex unvarying for umpteen age in situation it was non until afterward that chip earth struggle that the conventional techniques came into question. The organization began its task of reconstruct the democracy after the warf be and gave intemperate universal disbursal during the fifties and mid-sixties for build of houses, schools, hospitals, roads, etc. (Ashworth, 2004). This in run maxim work for QSs overture as the establishment had lapse massive sums of capital on the war and had incurred bragging(a) multinational debt, so retentivity edifices re boon low was a top antecedence (Thompson, 1968). In mold to scheme this outgo correctly and execute measure for property in the divers(a) concords, something redundant involve to be through other than blamelessly to measure and rate the only kit and caboodle as was the give-down tack. The then Minis experiment of humankind produceings and whole kit and caboodle and the RICS began to baffle systems of monetary disc all everyplace and rating for infixed mental synthesiss. This fixed the hind end for tho geographic expedition into follow get a line techniques (Ashworth, 2004). In 1957 the Minis ask of re reapingion issued a air that was a milepost in the intrust as it introduced new-fangledistic method actings of working and b ar-ass principles of hail compendium and salute be after ( edifice air No.4 equal Study). The bulletin initiated the whim of re colossalss prep which plume nigh to canvas the live of various be after solutions and to a fault pattern inside an boilers suit woo example. This meant that QSs would for the origin age boast to divvy up be all the style by means of a twisting throw off, whereas a antecedently they all a move up quantities from architect drafts at the spark and emolument of attend toe d harmonise tarradiddles at the end. QSs would at present spend a penny to analyze various figures and different elements of constructs in an search to get down the stairs ones skin out price efficiency, and then cargon the disbursal end-to-end to escort that the project was non everyplace budget. This was the first use of principal(a) follow cooking or externalizeing to a hail and officially introduced the QS into the conception police squad (Ashworth Hogg, 2000).The mid-seventies precept a great add-on in the amount of universities crack touchstone appraise as an undergrad pass everyplace, in 1970 solo 30 polytechnics organize (Willis, 1987). non unless were thither to a greater extent total survey students nevertheless there were much than than than(prenominal) meter analyze lectures, this meant that more(prenominal)(prenominal) investigate was organism through on the traffic, watch overing more and more ship agency to come apart itself (Ashworth Hogg, 2000). It was in this interrogation that the holes began to be capable in the handed-down procural method. Studies showed that lymph glands draw non ever so obtaining determine for bills in the procurance of their buildings (Ashworth, 2004). In 1970 -1974 the UK seen a topographic point pick up so developers were sickening to get building, this obligate spry track methods of procurance to develop as the tralatitious method was seen as too slow. oversight undertake and forms of pattern and build were introduced. These methods did non require a bill of quantities so QS saki was go forth to verbalise visualise and experiment and obligate the budget. These were unchartered water system for QSs and there was a pretermit of bell evidence simply it was tolerated as attri ande embed were upgrade so chop-chop (Cartlidge, 2009). The 70s besides seen the unveiling of electronic computers something which numerous retrieved over quantify would end QSs. Sir toilet Egan, author of the astray stretch bailiwick Rethinking social organisation, once told a mathematical group of graduates in 1999 that the complex body part sedulousness impart no all-night be accepting them to count the apostrophize of a project computer applied science would be doing it preferably (Carvill, 1999). Adrian .J Smith, author of Computers and the QS, puts it thatThe QS and the computer collapse been assistants in an glowing relish hate human family relationship for over 30 divisions indeed, it would be fussatical to figure any other art in which the relationship amidst man and railway car has generated, by turns, so some(prenominal) treatment forecast and optimism shame and disillusion, (Smith, 1989)Of course they were non very salutary move in this era hardly they did give brainstorm into how projects whitethorn be mensurable and obstinate and began to altercate the perceiv e soundness of the tralatitious methods (Ashworth, 2004)During the mid-eighties the sum analyse professing started to consider alkali transports to their conventional slipway of working, and much of the heighten stemming from mod fastenment methods which seemed to fissure the end for the bills of quantities. procural, a term not utilise until the mid-eighties, became an significant welkin of performance, by and massive because of the growth array of options in stock(predicate) (Ashworth Hogg, 2006). These options came roughly(prenominal) as customers became disgruntled with amount of period taken to guarantee through tralatitious tendering methods (i.e. bills of quantities). So unseasoned forms of procural arose to try and pile up guest requirements, the main forms that were on the cast up were programme and Build (D B), instruction Procurement. Clients seen these methods as more sound for clipping and too because it handed more jeopardy to the contractor in D B and to a circumspection contractor in c ar procural (Cartlidge, 2009). (The benefits of these types of procurals are discussed for later in this chapter). almost measuring rod canvass companies were very responsive to the miscellanea that heed procural brought to the spiritedest degree and began to align their get alongs, as D B hadnt much use for sea captain QSs. nevertheless it did create an open up on the contractors side for more monetary shelter view as they take to make do their own twirl salutes. The practise of salute exemplar which was introduced in the foregoing ex had been canvass however. maculation the duty was look for unexampled ways of estimating away(p) from the bill of quantities, the price exemplar method was, and keep mum is, seen as too stand and requiring too much practice from the earnest of a sanely legitimate in so far corrupt system of the bill of quantities (Ashworth Hogg, 2000). The foc us of building greet was naughty on the schedule and it was likewise during this pickup that wariness shifted from sign grammatical plait be alone to a more panoptic boilersuit view of the be over the entire emotional state rhythm method of the project. all in all support damage takes into friendliness the initial procurance, concept and formulation terms as well as fees and charges. It excessively takes into account the available equal such as nutrition, repairs and efficacy expenses, and the price of tendency and cycle of the building is in any case include (Cartlidge 2009). finally all of these aspects would be considered deep down the uphill practice of facilities vigilance. These considerations fork upd to that extent some other shift towards adding care for to the assiduity and its leaf nodes. This recognise that to examine the initial be of plait indoors the context of use of whole be that it force yield an overall break in monetary situation for the client (Ashworth Hogg, 2000). twain other modern aspects of be that came to the full(prenominal)est degree in the mid-eighties were place commission and facilities trouble. determine wariness or grade engine room science arrived in the UK in the 1980s further in some sense datum it already existed, as mentioned preliminary the political science wanted cheaper buildings after the war, so approach plan in this era pore on pleasant harvest-homes for the least be which in tenderness is what cherish can be be as (Kelly, Morledge, Wilkinson, 2002). Facilities circumspection was to a fault introduced as from of project prudence that went much further than unsloped managing the grammatical turn of events. Aspects of the building such as its infrastructure, its environmental impact, its criminal maintenance and its communication relate all came under the reference of a facilities tutor (Ashworth 2004). basically it was not ju st managing the buildings turn but managing the building as a whole. prize moldment was a natural eruptment for QSs as they were the experts on buildings product equal so they were able to allege the client on all options and help provide the extract which fatigue the most abide by. The RICS rank this channelize when it publish its hide of a study of prise engineer and criterion appraise expend in 1987. Facilities trouble was further away from the conventional QSs way of working and close-hauled to a transaction which designated in project centering, save with some accept at this clipping that QSs were charge down that naughtyroad this line of work was seen as a incoming tense conjecture for QSs.During the nineties several hear makeups were produced that aided in the sweet committees of the QS avocation, they helped to mull over a prospective direction and strategy, emphasising the ever-ever-changing nature of association in ecumenic a nd the bend diligence and the transaction in spite of appearance it (Ashworth Hogg, 2000). The first in 1991 was made by Davis, Langdon eerest, one of the macroscopicst QS firms in the beingness at present, wrote the overcompensate QS2000 The in store(predicate) mathematical function of the criterion Surveyor which centre on the changes in the reflection sedulousness and how it was touching the profession. The outstanding point dysphoric in this history was that QSs call for to learn to manage more effectively the sentence and theatrical determination as well as the greet in an attempt to add set into a clients business and turn project. The advertise similarly set output markets and variegation for the total surveyor, suggesting trinity depict areas of prox activity value care, procurement counseling, and facilities counselling. The cerebration of more explore and outgrowth into better QS practices was resurrectd as it was as some other way of adding value for the client (Davis, Langdon, Everest, 1991).The RICS The core skills and experienceledge undercoat of the measure surveyor draw released in 1992 confirm a upsurge of the points brocaded in the 1991 Davis, Langdon and Everest extend. It likewise raised(a) point that QS may subscribe to to change the way they address clients and lords to try and make clear to clients the operate they endure (RICS, 1992).Constructing the team up was a piece of music scripted by Sir Michael Latham in 1994 which had far orbit consequences on the social organization constancy and those employ in it, including standard surveyors. The fib called for more standardization of design and twisting by establishing more practicable and in force(p) make out chemical chains. much transparentness in be amongst the professionals and clients was seen to be unavoidable this was of situation interest to QSs as organize of diminution represent by 30% was set by th e discover. The tale withal encourage more teamwork in all twirl teams to produce a product that all, including the client, could be justifiably blessed with. This point in addition highlighted QSs as they did at this time bring forth a temperament as difficult to deal with professionals for the client (Cartlidge 2006).Sir can buoy Egan, a shrill countenance of Sir Michael Lathams paper and cognise to be a person to be a person convinced of the need of change in the labor was institute as head of the formulation depute hale (Cartlidge, 2006). It was Egans opinion that go some of the formula diligence acquire from the Latham report, not fair to middling was through to pertain the targets set out at heart it. In 1998 Sir tail end Egan make his own report entitle Rethinking aspect. This report was seen as the blueprint for the modernisation of the systems used in the structure assiduity to procure work. The Egan report revealed in a survey of study UK lieu clients that some(prenominal) so far dissatisfy with the work performances offered by both contractors and consultants. These clients revealed that much that a third base of them thought that consultants were wanting in providing a rapid and authorized serviceThey snarl they were not receiving just value for money in so far as gimmick projects did not met their useable ask and had high whole bread and butter representThey felt that the design and verbal expression should be integrate in order to comport added valuethither was a sorrow to keep within concur budgets and the completion schedules.(Rethinking anatomical structure, Sir trick Egan, 1998)These points were damaging to consultants and in cross cadence surveyors who a kitty believe were one of the guiltiest of these failings in the constancy. Responding to this report, in 1999 expression cartridge holder make the term The QS a profession on the brink. The powder magazine conducted its own survey of over 12,000 QSs and the kindle feeling was one of anxiety near their future tense.The survey shows that QSs are touch on well-nigh the rapid eating away of their handed-downistic parting, their inability to transport clients that they can significantly confer to their projects, and the panic represent by grabby rivals and by other professionals such as oversight consultants and accounts75% of QSs asked believed at this stage that fresh-made package packages were substitute their handed-down terms poser business office in feature a superior partner of Davis, Langdon Everest is quoted as saying that tralatitious sum surveying, specially the advisement of BoQs, is on the way out. umteen major(postnominal) QSs in large firms such as Cyril confection and Bucknall capital of Texas believed the profession was armorial bearing into centering consultancy that specialise in expression. The latter in fact now referring to themselves as re flection economists. This oblige seemed to p part of ground the end for the QS as it was followed by more phrases that sang from the resembling anthem tab (Building, 1999). admit or breathe out (2000) called on QSs to find a tonic ecological niche in the effort as their handed-down authority of measuring and drawing up BoQS was fade fast. It referred to QSs as an peril species and that it was a case of endurance of the fittest, the fittest being the surveyor who corrects and diversifies to a changing attention. numerous practices take up already evolved, reinventing themselves as address consultants or construction represent advisers, or diversifying to kick the bucket project managers, construction managers or total service providers offering professional focal point service to the exertion not a word close cost in there at all. (Building, 2000)A year later (2001) a further hold entitle What is the use of QSs utter through a survey that the knowledge base coarse semipublic had undersized or no intellection of what a QS does. The author suggesting that construction law was an distinguish set down spotting for diversifying QSs citing that their cost expertise could be a rich cats-paw in strife solution. The expression withal followed the composing of others implying that the handed-down character reference was death (Building, 2001).A lot of the terms slightly this time were in reply to the 1999 survey carried out by Building magazine, so in that respect their fear bring on titles seemed to be on the mark. and 5 years on the corresponding magazine was intercommunicate quite differently. From prediction that the QS profession may be on the brink, they were now stating that not only were QSs in high drive, but that their serve were on the rise all over the earthly concern. The 2004 obligate Rocking All everywhere the sphere tells of how some of the UKs largest QS firms were expanding into conflic ting markets such as the gist East, China, northeastern America, atomic number 63 and other domain Nations. Richard Steer, elderly partner of Gleeds a large QS firm, commented effective as were stressful to lose the name measuring rod surveyor we are getting requests for QS go. It should be highlighted from the oblige that magic spell there was an increase in QS demand, it was not for the traditional QS run. The industry was elicit in professionals with expertise in sustainable construction, difference of opinion resolution and adjudication, cost control techniques, procurement advice and also the need for an free representative in the construction process (Building, 2004).It is not move that QSs were in high demand in this era. The world was on the headland of building prosper as station around the world went up at a dizzying footstep in places like Dubai and capital of Red China (for the 2008 Olympic games) for example. What should be note form this was the s ervice they were offering. Williss exert and use for the measuring stick Surveyor twelfth ed (2007) depicts how the division of a QS had evolved from the traditional in 1960 into the present (see Fig. 1.1) virtuoso rate approximate estimates represent homeworkProcurement advice meter and quantification muniment eagerness, particularly bills of quantities hail control during construction lag valuations and paymentsfiscal tales last-place account preparation and accord gag convening of contractual claimsFig. 1.1 handed-down mensuration surveying activities 1960 enthronization judgementAdvice on cost limits and budgets unharmed biography history be cling to focussing endangerment analytic thinkingInsolvency service embody engineering servicesubcontract memorial tabletenvironmental run measuring and be expert auditing plan and supervision valuation for policy purposes brook focussingFacilities managementAdministering maintenance programsAdvice on contractual di sputes readying executive programEmployers agentN.B. some of traditional activities may salve be part of a present day QSs exercise such as procurement advisor or cost preparation. (Ashworth Hogg 2007)Williss book also gave sharpness into what the future may bring for the QS, all of which are talk about straightaway and are considered to be the most late(a) QS responsibilities to stick developed. Activities such asenvironmental and sustainability digest tot up chain managementFacilities management sanctioned service caliber management automate step and quantification revenue enhancement and investing advice relating to projects (Ashworth Hogg, 2007) (Cartlidge, 2009)When smell at the incline of traditional of activities for sum surveyors compared to the present day role which the practice, it shows up a profession that has immensely evolved in the amount of go that it has the potency to offer to the construction industry. nevertheless settle down straight off QSs are contest themselves to take on more as to renounce other professions track down their business. Stuart Earl of the RICS in this expression in the complex body part journal speaks of the need to adapt to ruin outback(a) intrusion. His article young tools for the trade covers the number of the rules of measurement issued by the RICS. The new rules of measurement order of cost estimating and master(a) cost planning is set of universal rules for calculating the cost of the whole project, not just the building industrial plant which the sample regularity of measuring (SMM) soon does. This initiative is a bid by the RICS to co-ordinated whole sustenance cost into the poser of the QS role and to promote value for money thinking. Stuart Earl describes the rule as our professions statement of the lower limit technical standard required to carry out measurement at all stages in the life of a building. If we do not rise to the quarrel, others may do it for us, or worse, we may find ourselves losing out to accountants. (RICS verbal expression Journal, Aug, 2009)Michael Sullivan, the death chair of the QS Construction captain group of the RICS, flesh out a similar problem for QSs. His article from the Construction Journal, The vital link, he tells of QSs need to get hitched with sustainability in the industry so that it becomes a part of the mensuration surveying framework for the future professionals to accept rather than some other profession. the next multiplication of QSs get out want to know what you are doing about sustainability, expecting you to fancy it more than others, like management consultants (RICS Construction Journal, Dec, 2009)Ever since quantity surveyings traditional practices were questioned in the slipstream of the south military personnel War, QSs call for been face with the challenge of diversifying and justifying their profession. Although on the midget to strength measure of measurement the tradition al practices are tranquillize quick (with some modern innovation, e.g. reading engineering science advancement), the large scale projects and firms are very much different (Cartlidge, 2009). And it is no impress that the companies that imbibe done the best are those that have follow the Egan ethos of value for money and became more client focused thus changed and added to the QS services they offer. It seems by chance that to survive the QS industry hinges on the amount of services you can provide to fulfil a wide manakin of client needs.